ارزیابی رشد و عملکرد گندم در رقابت با تراکم‌های مختلف سه گونه علف خونی (Phalaris spp.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری زراعت، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

2 استاد ، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. گرگان، ایران،

3 استادیار زراعت، پارک علم و فن‌آوری خراسان رضوی، مشهد، ایران

4 استاد، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. گرگان، ایران.

5 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولیدات گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان. گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف. علف‌هرز علف‌خونی به دلیل شباهت مورفولوژی و نیازهای رشدی یکسان، بیشترین افت عملکرد را در تولید گندم به کشاورز تحمیل می‌کند. این گیاه هرز، به عنوان یکی از علف‌های هرز مهم زراعت پاییزه گندم به‌ویژه در استان‌های خوزستان، فارس، گلستان و مازندران مطرح می‌باشد. نتایج پژوهش‌ها حاکی از این است که گونه‌های مختلف از یک جنس گیاه، فارغ از زراعی یا هرز، در شرایط مشابه ممکن است رفتار متفاوتی نشان دهند. به‌این‌ترتیب، این پژوهش باهدف بررسی و مقایسه اثرات تداخلی سه گونه علف‌خونی در تراکم‌های مختلف بر گندم انجام‌گرفته است.
مواد و روش‌ها. آزمایش طی دو سال (1399-1398 و 1400-1399) در شرق استان گلستان، به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورها، شامل گونه‌های علف‌خونی، در سه سطح (P.‬brachystachys، P.‬minor و P.paradoxa) به‌عنوان کرت اصلی و تراکم علف‬هرز در 5 سطح (شاهد، 10، 30، 50 و 100 بوته در مترمربع) به‌عنوان کرت فرعی بود.
یافته‌ها. بر اساس نتایج، در سال زراعی اول و دوم کمترین میزان وزن‬خشک گندم در رقابت با تراکم 100 بوته در مترمربع P.‬brachystachys به ترتیب، با میزان 61/589 و 77/758 گرم در مترمربع برآورد گردید. همچنین، کمترین میزان شاخص سطح‬برگ برآورد‬شده در سال‌های اول و دوم، به ترتیب با میزان 87/2 و 77/2، در شرایط رقابتی با گونه P.‬brachystachis به‬دست آمد. بیشترین عملکرد نهایی گندم در سال‬های زراعی اول و دوم نیز به ترتیب، با میزان 4679 و 5102 کیلوگرم در هکتار در شرایط عاری از علف‬هرز برآورد شد. از‬طرفی، در هر دو سال آزمایشی میزان برآورد افت‬عملکرد دانه گندم به واسطه ورود اولین علف‬هرز، در شرایط رقابتی با گونه‬های مختلف علف‬خونی متفاوت معنی‬دار نداشت. لذا، میزان تولید دانه گندم در شرایط رقابتی با علف‬خونی با افزایش تراکم علف‬هرز رابطه معکوس داشت. نتایج نشان داد، حداکثر افت‬عملکرد به‌واسطه حضور علف‬خونی، فارغ از نوع گونه علف‬هرز، در تراکم بیشتر از 100 بوته در مترمربع رخ خواهد داد. شاخص‬برداشت گندم نیز با میزان 37 تا 40 درصد تفاوت معنی‌داری در کرت‌های آزمایش نداشت.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی، رشد و عملکرد گندم بیشتر از نوع گونه علف‬خونی، تحت تأثیر شدت رقابت و تراکم علف‬هرز قرار گرفت. به‌این‌ترتیب، افزایش تعداد بوته علف‬هرز در واحد سطح و به دنبال آن، افزایش توان رقابت‌پذیری گونه‌های موردمطالعه علف‬خونی، تغییرات معنی‌داری بر خصوصیات رشدی و برخی اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد نهایی گندم تحمیل کرد. با توجه به برآورد آنالیز رگرسیون، به‬دنبال افزایش تراکم علف‬هرز، کاهش معنی‌داری در عملکرد گندم مشاهده شد. برآورد معادله نشان داد، حداکثر افت‬عملکرد گیاه زراعی، در رقابت با تراکم‌های بالاتر از 100 بوته در مترمربع علف هرز علف‬خونی رخ خواهد داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation growth and yield of wheat in competition with different densities of three species of Phalaris spp.

نویسندگان [English]

  • Esmail Ghorbanpour 1
  • Javid Gherkhloo 2
  • Naser Bagherani 3
  • Farshid Ghadrifar 4
  • Asiye Siahmarguee 5
1 PhD student in agriculture, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Gorgan, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Agriculture, Khorasan Razavi Science and Technology Park, Mashhad, Iran
4 Professor, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Gorgan, Iran.
5 Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Gorgan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Because of morphology similarity and the same growth needs of Phalaris with wheat, this weed imposes the highest yield loss in wheat production to farmer. Phalaris is one of the important weeds in autumn wheat cultivation in Khuzestan, Fars, Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, especially. The results of the research indicate that exhibit different behavior by different species of the same genus of plant in the same conditions, irrespective of crop or weed. Therefore, this present study was carried out to appraise yield losses in wheat caused by the interference of three space of the phalaris in different weed density.
Materials and methods: An experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with split plot arrangement of treatments with three replications at Golestan east during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 growing season. The treatments were three Phalaris spp. (P. brachystachys, P. minor and P. paradoxa) (as main plot) and five weed densities (0 (control), 10, 30, 50 and 100 plant. m-2) (as subplot).
Result: Based on the results, in the first and second growing season, the lowest dry weight of wheat in competition with density of 100 plants per m2 of the P.‬brachystachys was estimated at 589.61 and 758.77 g/m2, respectively. Also, in the growing seasons, the minimum leaf area index was estimated in competition with P. brachystachis, by 2.87 and 2.77, respectively. The maximum wheat yield was estimated at 4679 and 5102 kg ha-1, respectively, under weed-free condition, in the first and second growing season. On the other hand, in both experimental years, the estimated grain yield loss due to the presence of the first weed, was not significant difference in competition with different Phalaris species. Therefore, according to the results wheat grain production in competition with Phalaris has an inverse relationship with increase in weed density. Also, maximum yield loss due to the presence of Phalaris, regardless of the type of space, will occur at a density of more than 100 plants per m2. Too, there was no significant difference between harvest index (37-40%) in experimental plots.
Conclusion: Generally, more affected the growth and yield of wheat compared to Phalaris by the competition intensity and weed density. Thus, increasing weed densities and subsequently increasing the competitiveness of the studied Phalaris species, was imposes significant changes on growth characteristics, some yield components and wheat yield. According to regression analysis, there was a significant decrease in wheat yield with increasing the weed density. Estimation showed that maximum crop yield loss will occur in competition with densities above 100 plants per m2 of Phalaris.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • weed interference
  • yield loss
  • Phalaris
  • harvest index

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 16، شماره 4
دی 1402
صفحه 149-168

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