اثر کود گاوی و کاه غنی شده بر اسانس، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد مرزه خزنده (Satureja spicigera) در شرایط کشت دیم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

بخش تحقیقات جنگل و مرتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: سلامت محصولات کشاورزی و غذایی از نظر وجود باقیمانده سموم و مواد شیمیایی و تأثیر آن‌ها بر سلامت انسان بسیار مهم است. استفاده بی‌رویه از کودهای شیمیایی یکی از مشکلات اصلی کشاورزی امروزی است. کشت ارگانیک گیاهان خوراکی و کشاورزی اثرات مثبتی بر سلامت انسان دارد. مقدار مواد آلی خاک یکی از شاخص‌های مهم کیفیت خاک محسوب می‌شود و به‌شدت بر خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی خاک تأثیر می‌گذارد. استفاده از کودهای آلی در اکوسیستم‌های کشاورزی یکی از راه‌های کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و رسیدن به کشاورزی پایدار است. کودهای آلی در تأمین سلامت انسان و حفاظت از محیط‌زیست مؤثر هستند و به‌عنوان یک جایگزین طبیعی برای کودهای شیمیایی، نقش مثبتی در مدیریت پایداری خاک دارند. امروزه مهمترین اصل برای دستیابی به حاصلخیزی خاک و تغذیه مناسب گیاه در کشاورزی ارگانیک، استفاده از نهاده‌های آلی و بیولوژیکی به‌جای کودهای شیمیایی است. هدف این تحقیق امکان کشت گیاه دارویی مرزه خزنده در شرایط دیم و بررسی عملکرد گیاه و عملکرد اسانس با استفاده از کودهای آلی بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی امکان کشت دیم و اثر کودهای آلی بر صفات عملکردی گیاه دارویی مرزه خزنده (K.Koch) Boiss.) (Satureja spicigera، یک آزمایش اسپلیت پلات در زمان‌بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه طی 2 سال زراعی (1396-1397) انجام شد. تیمارهای کودی (فاکتور اصلی) شامل کود گاوی پوسیده، کاه و کلش غنی‌شده و خاک مزرعه (شاهد) در ردیف‌هایی به فاصله 50×50 سانتی‌متر اعمال شد. در دو سال زراعی صفات مختلفی شامل ارتفاع بوته، سطح تاج پوشش، وزن تر بوته و وزن خشک گیاه، عملکرد تر، عملکرد خشک، بازده و عملکرد اسانس اندازه‌گیری و محاسبه شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS (ver.26) و Minitab (ver. 16) مورد ارزیابی آماری قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: بیشترین وزن تر بوته (71/67 گرم)، بیشترین وزن خشک بوته (72/33 گرم)، بیشترین عملکرد تر (49/2708 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، بیشترین عملکرد خشک (88/1348 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و بیشترین عملکرد اسانس (03/47 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار کود گاوی پوسیده و در سال دوم طرح به دست آمد. بیشترین درصد اسانس (70/3 درصد) در تیمار کود گاوی پوسیده و در سال اول طرح به دست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: مرزه خزنده را می‌توان در کشت دیم (بارش بیش از 450 میلی‌متر) در مناطق معتدل و سرد کوهستانی کشت کرد. در کشت دیم مرزه خزنده، استفاده از 30 تن در هکتار کود گاوی پوسیده و یا 10 تن در هکتار کاه گندم غنی‌شده با 120 کیلوگرم سولفات آمونیوم باعث افزایش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد در واحد سطح می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of cow manure and enriched straw on the essential oil, yield and yield components of creeping savory (Satureja spicigera) under dry farming

نویسندگان [English]

  • Borzoo Yoosefi
  • Hooshmand Safari
  • Masoomah Khanhasani
Resaerch Department of Forest and Rangeland,, Research and Education Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objective: The health of the food products in different systems is important in terms of the presence of residues of toxins and chemicals and their effect on human health and the environment. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers is one of the main problems of today's agriculture. Organic cultivation of edible and agricultural plants has positive effects on human health (1). The amount of soil organic matter is considered one of the important indicators of soil quality and strongly affects the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (2). One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems with the aim of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers is effective in ensuring human health and protecting the environment. As a natural substitute for chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers have a positive and undeniable role in sustainable soil management and ultimately the sustainability of agricultural systems (3). The use of renewable natural fertilizers with biological origin is very important in maintaining the structure, biological activity, water exchange and storage capacity and finally improving the physical and chemical structure of the soil. Today, the most important principle for achieving soil fertility and proper plant nutrition in organic agriculture is the use of organic and biological inputs instead of chemical fertilizers (4).
Material and methods: In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers on yield traits of Satureja spicigera in Kermanshah rainfed conditions, a factorial completely randomized design with three replications conducted in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Kermanshah, in 2017-2019. The main factor was three fertilizer treatments including rotten cow manure, enriched straw and field soil (control) and the sub factor was two harvesting (two crop years). The fertilizer treatments applied to Satureja spicigera (savory) plantation in 3×4 m2 plots and in rows with a distance of 50×50 cm. In two agricultural years, morphologic and yield traits including plant height, crown area, plant fresh weight and dry weight of the plant were measured then the fresh yield and dry yield were calculated. Essential oils were extracted from 100 g dried plants based on British pharmacopeia (1993) by Clevenger system. Essential oils were drained by Na2So4, were weighed and EO percentage (w/w) and EO yield (kgha-1) were calculated. Data were statistically evaluated by SPSS (ver. 26) and Minitab (ver. 16) Software’s.
Results: The highest fresh yield (2708.49 kgha-1), dry yield (1348.88 kgha-1), EO yield (47.03 kgha-1), plant fresh weight (67.71 g) and the plant dry weight (33.72 g) were obtained in rotten cow manure× second year harvesting. The highest percentage of essential oil (3.70%) was obtained in the treatment of cow manure× first year harvesting. In the PC analysis, the traits of plant fresh weight, plant dry weight; fresh yield, dry yield and EO yield were shown the highest relation to treatment of cow manure and the highest values for them were obtained in treatment of cow manure. The traits of plant height, crown area, plant large and small diameter were had the maximum relation with the enriched straw treatment. None of the examined traits showed a significant positive or negative relationship with the field soil treatment (control).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Morphologic traits
  • PCA
  • Savory
  • Yield traits

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 16، شماره 2
تیر 1402
صفحه 169-186

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