اثر کود گاوی و کاه غنی شده بر اسانس، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد مرزه خزنده (Satureja spicigera) در شرایط کشت دیم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

بخش تحقیقات جنگل و مرتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: سلامت محصولات کشاورزی و غذایی از نظر وجود باقیمانده سموم و مواد شیمیایی و تأثیر آن‌ها بر سلامت انسان بسیار مهم است. استفاده بی‌رویه از کودهای شیمیایی یکی از مشکلات اصلی کشاورزی امروزی است. کشت ارگانیک گیاهان خوراکی و کشاورزی اثرات مثبتی بر سلامت انسان دارد. مقدار مواد آلی خاک یکی از شاخص‌های مهم کیفیت خاک محسوب می‌شود و به‌شدت بر خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی خاک تأثیر می‌گذارد. استفاده از کودهای آلی در اکوسیستم‌های کشاورزی یکی از راه‌های کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و رسیدن به کشاورزی پایدار است. کودهای آلی در تأمین سلامت انسان و حفاظت از محیط‌زیست مؤثر هستند و به‌عنوان یک جایگزین طبیعی برای کودهای شیمیایی، نقش مثبتی در مدیریت پایداری خاک دارند. امروزه مهمترین اصل برای دستیابی به حاصلخیزی خاک و تغذیه مناسب گیاه در کشاورزی ارگانیک، استفاده از نهاده‌های آلی و بیولوژیکی به‌جای کودهای شیمیایی است. هدف این تحقیق امکان کشت گیاه دارویی مرزه خزنده در شرایط دیم و بررسی عملکرد گیاه و عملکرد اسانس با استفاده از کودهای آلی بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور بررسی امکان کشت دیم و اثر کودهای آلی بر صفات عملکردی گیاه دارویی مرزه خزنده (K.Koch) Boiss.) (Satureja spicigera، یک آزمایش اسپلیت پلات در زمان‌بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه طی 2 سال زراعی (1396-1397) انجام شد. تیمارهای کودی (فاکتور اصلی) شامل کود گاوی پوسیده، کاه و کلش غنی‌شده و خاک مزرعه (شاهد) در ردیف‌هایی به فاصله 50×50 سانتی‌متر اعمال شد. در دو سال زراعی صفات مختلفی شامل ارتفاع بوته، سطح تاج پوشش، وزن تر بوته و وزن خشک گیاه، عملکرد تر، عملکرد خشک، بازده و عملکرد اسانس اندازه‌گیری و محاسبه شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS (ver.26) و Minitab (ver. 16) مورد ارزیابی آماری قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: بیشترین وزن تر بوته (71/67 گرم)، بیشترین وزن خشک بوته (72/33 گرم)، بیشترین عملکرد تر (49/2708 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، بیشترین عملکرد خشک (88/1348 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و بیشترین عملکرد اسانس (03/47 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار کود گاوی پوسیده و در سال دوم طرح به دست آمد. بیشترین درصد اسانس (70/3 درصد) در تیمار کود گاوی پوسیده و در سال اول طرح به دست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: مرزه خزنده را می‌توان در کشت دیم (بارش بیش از 450 میلی‌متر) در مناطق معتدل و سرد کوهستانی کشت کرد. در کشت دیم مرزه خزنده، استفاده از 30 تن در هکتار کود گاوی پوسیده و یا 10 تن در هکتار کاه گندم غنی‌شده با 120 کیلوگرم سولفات آمونیوم باعث افزایش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد در واحد سطح می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of cow manure and enriched straw on the essential oil, yield and yield components of creeping savory (Satureja spicigera) under dry farming

نویسندگان [English]

  • Borzoo Yoosefi
  • Hooshmand Safari
  • Masoomah Khanhasani
Resaerch Department of Forest and Rangeland,, Research and Education Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objective: The health of the food products in different systems is important in terms of the presence of residues of toxins and chemicals and their effect on human health and the environment. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers is one of the main problems of today's agriculture. Organic cultivation of edible and agricultural plants has positive effects on human health (1). The amount of soil organic matter is considered one of the important indicators of soil quality and strongly affects the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (2). One of the main goals of sustainable agriculture is the use of organic fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems with the aim of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers is effective in ensuring human health and protecting the environment. As a natural substitute for chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers have a positive and undeniable role in sustainable soil management and ultimately the sustainability of agricultural systems (3). The use of renewable natural fertilizers with biological origin is very important in maintaining the structure, biological activity, water exchange and storage capacity and finally improving the physical and chemical structure of the soil. Today, the most important principle for achieving soil fertility and proper plant nutrition in organic agriculture is the use of organic and biological inputs instead of chemical fertilizers (4).
Material and methods: In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers on yield traits of Satureja spicigera in Kermanshah rainfed conditions, a factorial completely randomized design with three replications conducted in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Kermanshah, in 2017-2019. The main factor was three fertilizer treatments including rotten cow manure, enriched straw and field soil (control) and the sub factor was two harvesting (two crop years). The fertilizer treatments applied to Satureja spicigera (savory) plantation in 3×4 m2 plots and in rows with a distance of 50×50 cm. In two agricultural years, morphologic and yield traits including plant height, crown area, plant fresh weight and dry weight of the plant were measured then the fresh yield and dry yield were calculated. Essential oils were extracted from 100 g dried plants based on British pharmacopeia (1993) by Clevenger system. Essential oils were drained by Na2So4, were weighed and EO percentage (w/w) and EO yield (kgha-1) were calculated. Data were statistically evaluated by SPSS (ver. 26) and Minitab (ver. 16) Software’s.
Results: The highest fresh yield (2708.49 kgha-1), dry yield (1348.88 kgha-1), EO yield (47.03 kgha-1), plant fresh weight (67.71 g) and the plant dry weight (33.72 g) were obtained in rotten cow manure× second year harvesting. The highest percentage of essential oil (3.70%) was obtained in the treatment of cow manure× first year harvesting. In the PC analysis, the traits of plant fresh weight, plant dry weight; fresh yield, dry yield and EO yield were shown the highest relation to treatment of cow manure and the highest values for them were obtained in treatment of cow manure. The traits of plant height, crown area, plant large and small diameter were had the maximum relation with the enriched straw treatment. None of the examined traits showed a significant positive or negative relationship with the field soil treatment (control).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Morphologic traits
  • PCA
  • Savory
  • Yield traits
  1. Saemian, P. & Sneeuw, N. (2022). How much water did Iran lose over the last two decades? Regional studies. J. Hydrol. 41: 101095.
  2. Haynes, R.J. 2005. Labile organic matter fraction as central components of the Quality of agricultural soils. Adv. Agron. 85: 221-268.
  3. Kennedy, I.R., Choudhury, A.T.M.A., Kecskes, M.L., Roughley, R.J. & Hien, N.T. (2004). Non-symbiotic bacterial diazotrophs in crop-farming systems: can their potential for plant growth promotion be better exploited? Soil Biol. Biochem. 36: 8. 1229-1244.
  4. Khalesro, S. & Malekian, M. (2017). Effects of vermicompost and humic acid on morphological traits, yield, essential oil content and component in organic farming of Ajwan (Trachyspermum ammi). IJMAPR, 32: 6. 968-980 (In Persian).
  5. Chandini, B., Randeep, K., Ravendra, K. & Pantnagar, O.P. (2019). The Impact of Chemical Fertilizers on our Environment and Ecosystem. P 69-86, In: Sharma (eds), Research Trends in Environmental Sciences, 2nd Edition, AkiNik Publications, New Delhi, India.
  6. Dai, J., Becquer, T., Rouiller, J., Reversat, H., Bernhard, G. & Lavelle, F. (2004). Influence of heavy metals on C and N mineralization and microbial biomass in Zn-, Pb-, Cu- and Cd- contaminated soils. , Ecosyst. Env., Appl. Soil Ecol. 25: 99–109.
  7. Khan, M., Mobin, M., Zahid, A. & Alamri, S. (2017). Fertilizers and Their Contaminants in Soils, Surface and Groundwater. P. 1-19, In: M.J. Shinderman (eds), Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  8. Askary, M., Behdani, M.A., Parsa, S., Mahmoodi, S. & Jamial ahmadi, M. (2018). Water stress and manure application affect the quantity and quality of essential oil of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris. Ind. Crops Prod. 111: 336-344.
  9. Soni, R., Gupta, R., Agarwal, P. & Mishra, R. (2022). Organic Farming: A Sustainable Agricultural Practice. Vantage: Journal of Thematic Analysis, University of Delhi publication, 3:1. 21-44.
  10. Hitha, Sh., Vinaya, Ch. & Linu, M. (2021). Organic fertilizers as a route to controlled release of nutrients (Chapter 13). P. 231-245, In: F.B. Lewu, T. Volova, S. Thomas and K.R. Rakhimol (eds), Controlled Release Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture, Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  11. Adekiya, A.O., Ejue, W.S., Olayanju, A., Dunsin, O., Aboyeji, C.M., Aremu, C., Adegbite, K. & Akinpelu, O. (2020). Different organic manure sources and NPK fertilizer on soil chemical properties, growth, yield and quality of okra. Sci. Rep. 10:1. 1-9.
  12. Han, S.H., An, J.Y., Hwang, J., Kim, S.B. & Park, B.B. (2016). The effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the growth and nutrient concentrations of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) in a nursery system. Forest Sci. Technol. 12:3. 137-143.
  13. Aghhavani Shajari, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Ghorbani, R. & Nasiri Mahallati, M. (2016). Effects of Single and Combined Application of Organic, Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Quantitative and Qualitative Yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Sci. 29:4. 486-500.
  14. Degueurce, A., Tomas, N., Le Roux, S., Martinez, J. & Peu, P. (2016). Biotic and abiotic roles of leachate recirculation in batch mode solid-state anaerobic digestion of cattle manure. Bioresour. Technol. 200: 388-395.
  15. Wallace, J. 2001. Organic Field Crops Handbook. Canadian Organic Growers Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 292 p.
  16. Zhang, Z., Dong, X., Wang, S. & Pu, X. (2020). Benefits of organic manure combined with biochar amendments to cotton root growth and yield under continuous cropping systems in Xinjiang, Sci. Rep. 10:1. 4718.
  17. Beeby, J., Moore, S., Taylor, L. & Nderitu, S. (2020). Effects of a One-Time Organic Fertilizer Application on Long-Term Crop and Residue Yields, and Soil Quality Measurements Using Biointensive Agriculture. Front. Sustain. Food Syst.
  18. Miao, Y., Stewart, B. A. & Zhang, F. (2010). Long-term experiments for sustainable nutrient management in China. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 31:397-414.
  19. Chintagunta, A.D., Jacob, S. & Banerjee, R. (2016). Integrated bioethanol and biomanure production from potato waste, Waste Manage. 49: 320-325.
  20. Roussos, P.A., Gasparatos, D., Kechrologou, K., Katsenos P. & Bouchagier, P. (2017). Impact of organic fertilization on soil properties, plant physiology and yield in two newly planted olive (Olea europaea) cultivars under Mediterranean conditions. Sci. Hortic. 220: 11-19.
  21. Liang, Y., Nikolic, M., Peng, Y. & Chen, W. (2005). Organic manure stimulates biological activity and barley growth in soil subject to secondary salinization. Soil Biol. Biochem. 37: 1185-1195.
  22. Faker Baher, Z., Rezaei, M.B. & Abbasizadeh, B. (2001). Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the essential oil of savory ( hortensis). IJMAPR, 11: 37-51 (In Persian)
  23. Jamzad, Z. 2012. Flora of Iran, No. 76, (Lamiacea). Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands publication, Tehran, Iran, Pp: 696-697 (In Persian).
  24. British pharmacopoeia. 1993. Volume II, H.M.S.O. Publications, London, England, 140 p. ISBN: 0113215851; 9780113215850.
  25. Gholami sharafkhanah, A., Jahan, M., Banaian aval, M., Kochaki, A. & Rezvani-Moghaddam, P. (2015). Effect of organic, biologic and chemical fertilizer on Agroecology and essential oil yield in Saturja Hortensis in mashahad conditions. Journal of Agroecology, 7: 2. 179-189. (In Persian)
  26. Asadollahi, A., Abbaszadeh, B., Mohammadi Torkashvand, A. & Ghanbari Jahromi, M. (2022). Effect of levels and types of organic, biological, and chemical fertilizers on morphological traits, yield, and uptake rate of elements in Satureja mutica. Ind. Crops Prod. 181: 114763.
  27. Saki, A., Mozafari, H., Karimzadeh-Asl, K. & Sani, B. (2019). Plant yield, antioxidant capacity and essential oil quality of Satureja mutica supplied with cattle manure and wheat straw in different plant densities. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 50:1. 1-11.
  28. Bahreininejad, B., Lebaschi, M.H, Sefidkon, F. & Jaberalansar, Z. (2022). Effects of Planting Bed on Vegetative Characteristics and Yield of Satureja sahendica and spicigera species in Rainfed Conditions. Iran. J. Field Crops Res. 19:4. 407-419. (In Persian)
  29. Darzi, M.T. & Haj Seyd Hadi, M.R. (2017). Effects of organic and bio-fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characters of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica). IJMAPR. 32(6): 1060-1072. (In Persian)
  30. Mirzaei, R., Kambozia, J., Sabahi, H. & Mahdavi, A. (2009). Effect of different organic fertilizers on soil physicochemical properties, production and biomass yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Iran. J. Field Crops Res. 7:1.259-270. (In Persian)
  31. Saboor bildi, M. 2004. Effect of Different Levels of manure on the dry farming of Cuminum cyminum in Gonabad. Proceedings of the First National Cumin Conference, Islamic Azad University of Sabzevar Branch Publication, Sabzevar, Iran, Pp: 88-89. (In Persian)
  32. Rashidi, S., Panahi, B., Hosseini Fard, S.J. & Ebrahimi, F. 2015. Effect of vermicompost and manure on growth and flowering of parsley flowers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Research in Agriculture, 2015-05-22, Tehran, p: 4593. (In Persian)
  33. Said-Nejad, A. and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2010. Evaluation of organic fertilizer on Biomass and seed yield in Coriandrum sativum. Sci. 24: 2. 142-148.
  34. Moradi R., Nasiri mahallati M., Rezvani moghadam P. & Nejadali A. (2011). Effects of organic and biological fertilizers on fruit yield and essential oil of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce). SJAR. 9: 546-553.
  35. Tehrani Sharif, H., Sharifi Ashoorabadi, E., Tajali, A. A. & Makizadeh Tafti, M. (2015). Effect of plant nutrition systems on qualitative and quantitative yield of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum). IJMAPR, 31: 2. 283-306. (In Persian)
  36. Ojaghlou, F. (2009). The effect of inoculation with biofertilizers (Azotobacter and fertile phosphate) on growth, yield and yield components of safflower. Master Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, 132 p. (In Persian)
  37. Besford, R. T. & Maw, G. A. (1976). Effect of potassium nutrition on some enzymes of the tomato plant. Ann. Bot. 40: 461-471.
  38. Naseri Pourizdi, M. (1991). Investigation of the effect of NPK on cumin growth and yield. Master Thesis in Agriculture, Faculty Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 144 p. (In Persian)
  39. Maleki Farahani, S. A., Mazaheri, D. & Chaeichi, M. R. (2014). The effect of the combined use of chemical and organic fertilizers on soil and plant chemical properties barley cultivation under low irrigation. J. Crop. Improv. 15:2. 61-74. (In Persian)
  40. Hazarika, D. K., Taluk Dar, N. C., Phookan, A. K., Saikia, U. N., Das, B. C. & Deka, P. C. (2000). Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on nursery establishment and growth of tea seedlings in Assam. Symposium no. 12, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-Assam, India, 7-12 December, P: 379.
  41. Sharma, A. K. 2002. A Handbook of Organic Farming. Publication Agro bios, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India, 627P. ISBN 13: 9788177540994.
  42. Toro, M., Azcon, R. & Barea, J.M. (1997). Improvement of arbuscular mycorrhiza development by inoculation of soil with phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria to improve rock phosphate bioavailability and nutrient cycling. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:11. 4408-4412.