تاثیر شرایط متفاوت آبی بر میزان وارثت‌پذیری و برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک ژنوتیپ‌های گندم.

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه بیوتکنولوژی و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه بیوتکنولوژی و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران

3 استادیار، گروه بیوتکنولوژی و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران

چکیده

گندم (Triticum aestivum) مهمترین محصول زراعی از لحاظ سطح زیر کشت و میزان تولید بوده و نقش مهمی در تامین نیاز غذایی بشر دارد. در ایران گندم در شرایط اقلیمی مختلفی کشت می شود و در مراحل مختلف رشد در معرض تنش قرار دارد. تنش آبی مهمترین علت کاهش عملکرد گندم می‌باشد. اﺻﻼح ارﻗﺎم ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ خشکی از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎی ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺒﻮد آب ﻣﻲباشد. صفات فیزیولوژیکی اهمیت حیاتی در بقاء و سازگاری گیاهان به تنش‌های محیطی دارند و از این رو توجه به شاخص-های فیزیولوژیکی به منظور مطالعه میزان مقاومت به خشکی یکی از جنبه‌های مهم مقاومت به خشکی در گیاهان و از اهداف این مطالعه به حساب می‌آید.
به منظور بررسی تاثیر سه رژیم متفاوت تنش خشکی بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه، سه آزمایش جداگانه در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و ده تیمار در گلخانه تحقیقیاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهرکرد در سال 1398 انجام شد. پس از تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج آزمایش اول، مواد ژنتیکی برای آزمایش سال دوم انتخاب شدند و در شرایطی مشابه شرایط کاشت آزمایش اول، کشت شدند و خصوصیات روزنه‌ای به عنوان گروه دیگری از خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک روی این ارقام اندازه‌گیری شد.
نتایج نشان داد که ازلحاظ اکثر صفات، بین ژنوتیپ‌ها اختلاف معنی‌دار وجود دارد. عکس العمل ارقام گندم در سه آزمایش متفاوت بود ولی تنش خشکی موجب کاهش صفات مورد ارزیابی گردید. ژنوتیپ اکسلی با دارا بودن راندمان مصرف آب بالا در شرایط متفاوت آبیاری نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپ‌ها دارای بیشترین و ژنوتیپ اهدایی 82 دارای کمترین راندمان مصرف آب بود. در شرایط نرمال بیشترین عملکرد بیولوژیک در ژنوتیپ‌های اهدایی 81 و اهدایی 79 دیده شد به نظر می‌رسد این رقم با افزایش وزن بیوماس بیشترین عملکرد را به خود اختصاص داده اند. ژنوتیپ اکسلی در شرایط آبیاری نرمال بیشترین RWC را نشان داد. در چنین شرایط آبی بیشترین میزان RWL در ژنوتیپ اکسلی نیز دیده شد. بنابراین می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که ژنوتیپ اکسلی هرچند که دارای RWC بالایی بود اما قادر به نگهداری میزان آب نسبی موجود نبوده است. نتایج حاصل از اجزا واریانس صفات مورد ارزیابی نشان می‌دهد برای بیشتر صفات واریانس ژنوتیپی و فنوتیپی در شرایط نرمال بیشتر از تنش بود در واقع در شرایط نرمال امکان بروز تنوع ناشی از دسترسی آب در بین ژنوتیپ‌ها فراهم می‌شود. با توجه به نتایج مشخص می-شود که همه صفات به جز RWL از وراثت‌پذیری بالایی برخوردار بودند که نشان می‌دهد این صفات کمتر تحت تاثیر محیط قرارمی‌گیرند. با توجه به وجود تنوع ژنتیکی و میزان وراثت‌پذیری بالا برای صفات می‌توان از طریق گزینش و دورگ‌گیری اقدام به تولید ارقام مطلوب نمود. بررسی نتایج برای صفات خصوصیات روزنه نشان داد که با وقوع تنش خشکی تعداد روزنه در واحد سطح افزایش و ابعاد روزنه کاهش می-یابد. ارتباط منفی بین فراوانی تعداد روزنه و تحمل به خشکی در گندم وجود دارد اما رقمی متحمل‌تر است که تعداد روزنه بیشتر با اندازه کوچکتر داشته باشد.
نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که تنش خشکی در همه انواع تنش موجب کاهش صفات فیزیولوژیک مورد ارزیابی گردید. پایین بودن RWL و بالا بودنRWC به عنوان مکانیسمی از بقا شناخته شد و WUEبالا، به عنوان شاخصی از تحمل به تنش معرفی شد. نتایج نشان داد که RWC توسط اثرات افزایشی ژن کنترل شده و دارای وراثت‌پذیری بالایی می‌باشد؛ بنابراین می‌توان بازده ژنتیکی بالایی را از گزینش برای این صفت انتظار داشت. بررسی نتایج برای صفات خصوصیات روزنه نشان داد که با وقوع تنش خشکی تعداد روزنه در واحد سطح افزایش و ابعاد روزنه کاهش می‌یابد. ارتباط منفی بین فراوانی تعداد روزنه و تحمل به خشکی در گندم وجود دارد اما رقمی متحمل‌تر است که تعداد روزنه بیشتر با اندازه کوچکتر داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Study of different irrigation regimes influences on heritability and some physiological characteristics in wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.).

نویسندگان [English]

  • zahra karimi dastgerdi 1
  • shahram mohammady 1
  • Sadollah Hyshmand 2
  • Mohammad Rabiei 3
1 Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
2
3
چکیده [English]

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most important crop in terms of area under cultivation and plays an important role in meeting human nutritional needs. In Iran, wheat is grown in different climatic conditions and is exposed to stress at different stages of growth. Water stress is the most important cause of reduced wheat yield. Improvement of drought tolerant cultivars is one of the most important strategies to deal with water shortage and has faced many problems in arid areas. Physiological traits are vital in the survival and adaptation of plants to environmental stresses and therefore attention to physiological indicators in order to study the rate of drought resistance is one of the important aspects of drought resistance in plants and is one of the objectives of this study.
In order to analyze the effects of three different humidity regimes on physiological characteristics and yield, of wheat, 3 different experiments were carried out in completey randomized block designs with 3 replicates. The 3 different humidity regimes . Ten different wheat genotypes were evaluated in this experiment. After analyzing the results of the first experiment, genetic materials were selected for the second year experiment and cultured in conditions similar to the planting conditions of the first experiment, and stomatal characteristics were measured as another group of physiological characteristics on these cultivars.
The results showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes in terms of most traits. The reaction of wheat cultivars was different in three experiments, but drought stress in all types of stresses reduced the evaluated traits. Oxley with high WUE in different irrigation conditions compared to other genotypes had the highest and Ehdaei 82 had the lowest WUE. In normal conditions, the highest biological yield was seen in Ehdaei 81 and Ehdaei 79. It seems that this cultivar has the highest yield by increasing the weight of biomass and green tissue. Oxley showed the highest RWC in normal irrigation conditions. In such water conditions, the highest RWL was also seen in Oxley. Therefore, it can be concluded that Oxley, although it had a high RWC, was not able to maintain the relative water content. The results of the variance components of the evaluated traits show that for most of the traits, the genotypic and phenotypic variance was higher than the stress under normal conditions. According to the results, it is clear that all traits except RWL had high heritability, which shows that these traits are less affected by the environment. Due to the existence of genetic diversity and high heritability for traits, it is possible to produce desirable cultivars through selection and hybridization. Results for stomatal characteristics showed that in drought stress, Stomatal Frequency increases and Stomatal Length and Stomatal Width Decreases. There is a negative relationship between the Stomatal Frequency and drought tolerance in wheat, but it is a more tolerant that had more stomatal with smaller size.
The results showed that drought stress in all types of stress reduced the physiological traits evaluated. Low RWL and high RWC were recognized as a mechanism of survival and high WUE was introduced as an indicator of stress tolerance. The results showed that the RWC of flag leaf was controlled by the additive effects of the gene and had a high heritability; Therefore, high genetic efficiency can be expected from selection for this trait. Results for stomatal characteristics showed that in drought stress, Stomatal Frequency increases and Stomatal Length and Stomatal Width Decreases. There is a negative relationship between the Stomatal Frequency and drought tolerance in wheat, but it is a more tolerant that had more stomatal with smaller size.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Wheat
  • Different Irrigation Regimes
  • Physiological traits
  • Heritability

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 13، شماره 4
اسفند 1399
صفحه 111-134

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