بهبود عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاه کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) با استفاده از مدیریت کودهای کاربردی در کشت مخلوط با لوبیاسبز (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اکولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران،

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران،

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) به عنوان ملکه گیاهان روغنی یکی از خوراکی‌های مهم در کشاورزی سنتی نواحی گرم به شمار می‌رود. لگوم‌ها می‌توانند نیتروژن مولکولی هوا را تثبیت کرده و مصرف کودهای شیمیایی را در کشت مخلوط کاهش دهند. یکی از راهکارهای موثر جهت دستیابی به افزایش تنوع، کاربرد مخلوطی از گیاهان گونه‌های مختلف در زراعت است. برای توسعه کشاورزی پایدار، اجرای نظام‌های کشاورزی با نهاده کافی به صورت تلفیق با مصرف کودهای شیمیایی، زیستی و آلی به منظور تولید محصول و حفظ عملکرد در سطح قابل قبول، راهکاری موثر است. بنابراین، با توجه به ضرورت بکارگیری کودهای آلی و زیستی همراه با کودهای شیمیایی در بوم نظام‌های کشاورزی جهت تولید محصول سالم و با کیفیت بالا و نیز با توجه به اهمیت افزایش بازده تولید در کشت مخلوط، پژوهش زیر انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه‌ای وابسته به سازمان جهاد کشاورزی شهرستان خنداب، استان مرکزی در دو سال زراعی 1398 و 1399 انجام شد. عامل اول منابع مختلف کودی در شش سطح (شاهد، کود مرغی، کود شیمیایی، میکوریزا، کود مرغی + میکوریزا، کود شیمیایی + میکوریزا) و عامل دوم کشت مخلوط در شش سطح (کشت خالص کنجد، کشت خالص لوبیاسبز، کشت مخلوط دو ردیف کنجد + دو ردیف لوبیاسبز، کشت مخلوط دو ردیف کنجد + سه ردیف لوبیاسبز، کشت مخلوط سه ردیف کنجد + دو ردیف لوبیاسبز، کشت مخلوط سه ردیف کنجد + سه ردیف لوبیاسبز) بودند. اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه کنجد، عملکرد غلاف لوبیاسبز، عملکرد زیستی کنجد و لوبیاسبز، شاخص‌های رشد، درصد و عملکرد روغن کنجد مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها مؤید تأثیر معنی‌دار اثرات اصلی کشت مخلوط و تیمار کودی بر تمامی صفات اندازه‌گیری شده در سطح احتمال یک درصد بود. برهم‌کنش میان آن‌ها (بجز درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه) نیز تفاوت آماری معنی‌‌داری در سطح احتمال یک درصد نشان داد. کشت‌ مخلوط نسبت به کشت خالص کنجد در تمامی صفات اندازه‌گیری شده بیشترین مقدار را حاصل کرد. به گونه‌ای که بیشترین درصد همزیستی میکوریزا با ریشه کنجد و لوبیاسبز به‌ترتیب 12/43 و 06/44% در کشت مخلوط دو ردیف کنجد با سه ردیف لوبیاسبز مشاهده شد. در بین تیمارهای کودی نیز بالاترین میزان همزیستی میکوریزا با کنجد و لوبیاسبز به‌ترتیب 57/78 و 22/79% از تیمار کود مرغی + میکوریزا حاصل شد. بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه و عملکرد زیستی کنجد (به‌ترتیب 257 و 928 گرم در مترمربع) از کشت مخلوط سه ردیف کنجد با دو ردیف لوبیاسبز با کاربرد کود مرغی + میکوریزا حاصل شد. بالاترین مقدار عملکرد غلاف سبز (1204 گرم در مترمربع) به کشت خالص لوبیاسبز با کاربرد کود مرغی + میکوریزا تعلق گرفت. با توجه به مقایسه میانگین داده‌ها، کشت مخلوط دو ردیف کنجد با دو ردیف لوبیاسبز با کاربرد کود مرغی + میکوریزا بیشترین درصد روغن دانه کنجد (به‌ترتیب 94/49 و 54/52%) را تولید کرد. بیشترین عملکرد روغن دانه کنجد (1350 کیلوگرم در هکتار) نیز در کشت مخلوط سه ردیف کنجد با دو ردیف لوبیاسبز با کاربرد کود مرغی + میکوریزا مشاهده شد. با توجه به نتایج، بیشترین مقدار نسبت برابری زمین (62/1) به کشت مخلوط سه ردیف کنجد با سه دریف لوبیاسبز همراه با کاربرد کود شیمیایی تعلق گرفت.
نتیجه گیری: با توجه به برتری تیمار کود مرغی+ میکوریزا همراه با کشت مخلوط برای گیاه کنجد، به‌نظر می‌رسد کاربرد این تیمار در بستر کشت مخلوط گیاهان برای حصول عملکرد مناسب در منطقه مورد آزمایش قابل توصیه است. همچنین، کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای آلی، زیستی و شیمیایی در بستر کشت مخلوط می‌تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای کاهش مصرف نهاده‌های شیمیایی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) through applied fertilizer management in intercropping with green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeed Barani 1
  • Javad Hamzei 2
1 Ph.D. student of crop plant ecology, department of plant genetics and production engineering, faculty of agriculture, Boali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bo Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and purpose: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is considered the queen of oil plants and is a crucial food source in traditional agriculture in hot regions. Legumes play a role in stabilizing molecular nitrogen in the air and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers in intercropping. Utilizing a intercropping of plants from different species in agriculture is an effective way to increase diversity. In order to promote sustainable agriculture, it is essential to implement agricultural systems that combine sufficient input with the use of chemical, biological, and organic fertilizers to produce crops and maintain yield at an acceptable level. Therefore, this research was conducted to address the necessity of using organic and biological fertilizers alongside chemical fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems to produce healthy, high-quality products, and to emphasize the importance of increasing production efficiency in intercropping.
Materials and methods: The factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications on a farm affiliated with the Organization of Agricultural Jihad, Khondab, in the Central Province, during the 2018 and 2019 crop years. the first factor is different sources of fertilizer in six levels (control, poultry manure, chemical fertilizer, mycorrhiza, combination of poultry manure and mycorrhiza, combination of chemical and mycorrhiza) and the second factor is the cultivation pattern in six levels (sole sesame (S), sole green bean (GB), two rows of sesame and two rows of green beans (2S:2GB), 2S:3GB, 3S:2GB, 3S:3GB). sesame seed yield and yield components, green bean pod yield, sesame and green bean biological yield, growth indices and percentage and yield of sesame oil were evaluated.
Findings: The results of variance analysis of the data confirmed the significant effect of the main effects of intercropping and fertilizer treatments on all the measured traits at the probability level of 1%. The interaction between them (except root colonization percentage) also showed a statistically significant difference at the probability level of 1%. Compared to pure sesame cultivation, intercropping obtained the highest amount in all the measured traits. In such a way that the highest percentage of symbiosis of mycorrhiza with sesame roots and green beans, 43.12 and 44.06%, respectively, was observed in the intercropping of 2S:3GB. Among the fertilizer treatments, the highest rate of mycorrhiza coexistence with sesame and green beans was obtained from the chicken manure + mycorrhiza treatment, 78.57% and 79.22%, respectively. The highest seed yield and biological yield of sesame (257 and 928 g m-2, respectively) were obtained from intercropping of 3S:2GB using chicken manure + mycorrhiza. The highest yield of green pods (1204 g m-2) was awarded to the pure cultivation of green beans with the application of chicken manure + mycorrhiza. According to the means comparison, intercropping of 2S:2GB using chicken manure + mycorrhiza produced the highest percentage of sesame seed oil (49.94% and 52.54%, respectively). The highest yield of sesame seed oil (1350 kg ha-1) was also observed in intercropping of three 2S:2GB using chicken manure + mycorrhiza. According to the results, the highest amount of land equality ratio (1.62) was awarded to intercropping of 3S:3GB along with the application of chemical fertilizers.
Conclusion: Considering the superiority of poultry manure + mycorrhiza along with various types of intercropping for sesame plant, it seems that the application of this treatment in the bed of intercropping of plants is suggested to achieve proper performance in the tested area. also, the combined use of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers in the intercropping bed can be a suitable alternative to reduce the consumption of chemical inputs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Organic fertilizer، Growth indices،
  • Multiple cropping، Yield، Oil content

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 17، شماره 1
فروردین 1403
صفحه 99-126

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