بررسی تولید علوفه کینوا و سورگوم علوفه‌ای تحت تاثیر تناوب آبیاری و تراکم بوته

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی- پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادﯿﺎر، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت زراعی و باغی، ﻣﺮکز ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت و آﻣﻮزش کشاورزی و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ طبیعی گلستان، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ کشاورزی، گرگان، اﯾﺮان

10.22069/ejcp.2024.21796.2602

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: با کاهش امنیت غذایی، تولید غذا باید دو برابر شود، این موضوع با توسعه اراضی تحت کشت یا افزایش عملکرد کمی و کیفی در هکتار میسر خواهد شد، به‌علاوه در طی نیمه دوم قرن گذشته افزایش در تولید محصولات زراعی و باغی از طریق بالفعل نمودن ظرفیت عملکرد در هکتار محقق شده است. تولید گیاهان قویا تحت تاثیر تنش های محیطی قرار می‌گیرد. در شرایط کمبود آب، استفاده از روش‌های کم آبیاری و ارقام مناسب مهمترین راهبرد افزایش بهره وری از آب هستند. معرفی ارقام گیاهان علوفه ای مقاوم به شرایط سخت و دشوار زمینه تولید در مناطقی که با فقدان یا محدودیت آب شیرین مواجه هستند را فراهم نموده است. لذا این بررسی با اهداف تعیین عملکرد و صفات مرفولوژیکی ارقام کینوا و سورگوم علوفه ای در سطوح مختلف آبیاری و تراکم گیاهی. انجام شد.،
مواد و روشها: آزمایشی طی سال‌های 1394 و 1395 بصورت فاکتوریل کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات شوری آق‌قلا در استان گلستان اجرا شد. در این پژوهش اثرات تیمار تراکم بوته (1/11، 7/16 و 3/33 بوته در متر مربع ) و همچنین دور آبیاری با چهار سطح (5 ، 10 ، 15 ، 20 روز یک‌بار) بر عملکرد ماده تر و خشک و برخی صفات مورفولوژیکی کینوا ( Santa Maria و Sajama Iranshahr) و ارقام اسپید فید و KFS3 سورگوم علوفه‌ای مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. تاریخ کاشت زمانی بود که درجه حرارت خاک به 12 درجه سانتی‌گراد رسیده بود که سال اول 17 اسفند و سال دوم 19 اسفند انجام شد و زمان برداشت (کل بوته های کرت) موقع 10% گلدهی در هر کرت بود. برای تعیین عملکرد بعد از حذف حاشیه ها، برداشت از سطح 6 متر مربع انجام شد. داده ها با نرم افزار SAS تجزیه واریانس شدند و مقایسه میانگین تیمارها از طریق LSD در سطح آماری 95% انجام شد.
یافتهها: نتایج نشان داد، تفاوت بیشتر صفات تحت تیمارهای آزمایشی معنی دار بودند. بررسی اثرات اصلی عملکرد علوفه خشک در تیمار آبیاری نشان داد، آبیاری هر 5 روز یکبار با میانگین علوفه خشک 01/6 تن در هکتار بیشترین عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد علوفه خشک را داشت. با افزایش تراکم گیاهی و کاهش دور آبیاری، ماده خشک کاهش یافت اما این کاهش اکثرا در تراکم 333000 بوته در هکتار و آبیاری 20 روز یکبار اتفاق افتاد. در بررسی اثرات ساده تراکم ها، تراکم 11/11 بوته در هکتار با میانگین عملکرد ماده خشک 98/4 تن در هکتار بیشترین تولید را داشت. رقم کینوای سانتا ماریا در تراکم 11/11 بوته در هکتار با بیشترین عملکرد ماده خشک (77/4 تن در هکتار) تیمار مناسب بود و سورگوم رقم اسپید فید در تراکم 3/33 بوته در متر مربع در پایین ترین رتبه قرار گرفت.
نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع صرف نظر از رقم، در آبیاری 5 روز یکبار عملکرد بیشتر بود و در آبیاری متوسط و آبیاری کم عملکرد کاهش یافت. در مقایسه ارقام نیز کینوا رقم سانتا ماریا با عملکرد ماده خشک 42/4 تن در هکتار بیشترین تولید را داشت.با این یافته ها پیشنهاد می‌شود، افزایش دور آبیاری در نواحی نیمه خشک (که ذخیره آب مهم است) صورت پذیرد که در استقرار گیاه در این خاک‌ها موثر است و می‌تواند برای مدیریت مزارع مناسب باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of plant density and irrigation management on forage production of quinoa and forage sorghum

نویسنده [English]

  • Alireza Saberi
Professor, Agricultural and Horticultural Research Department, Golestan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Gorgan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: It is predicted that at least 10 million people will be hungry and malnourished in the world by the end of this century. To reduce the food insecurity, crop production will have to be doubled, and produced in more environmentally sustainable ways. This can be achieved by expanding the area of crop production, increasing per hectare yield and improving crop quality. Furthermore, during the second half of the past century, rise in per hectare crop productivity was due to improved or high yield potential. The productivity of plants are strongly influenced by environmental stresses. In the water scarcity condition, using deficit irrigation and appropriate cultivar are the most strategies to improve water productivity. A new generation of dry-tolerant forage varieties would allow for landscape development in stresses environments and where fresh water is limited or not available for irrigation. Hence, the present study was to design with the following objectives: To determine yield and morphogical parameters of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and forage sorghum) sorghum bicolor), verities at different levels of irrigation and plant densities.
Materials and methods: A field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at Aghghala salinity station. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in form of factorial split plot factorial experiment and replicated four times. At this research effects of irrigation frequency at four levels (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days), and plant density at three levels (11.1, 16.7 and 33.3 plants per m2) on quinoa (Santa Maria and Sajama Iranshahr) and verities of KFS3 and Speed feed sorghums were investigated. Sowing date was the time of soil temperature reaching to 12 °C and the harvesting date was the time of 5% flowering of each plot. For yield estimation, after removing borders, 6 m2 harvested. Data were analyzed using SAS. Treatment means were compared using LSD at the 95%probability level.
Results: Results showed that, the difference in most treats between treatments was significant. Investigation of dry forage yield at irrigation treatment showed, irrigation every 5 days interval with dry yield of 6.01 ton ha-1 had the highest yield and yield components of dry forage. With increasing plant density and dicrasing irrigation frequency dry matter dicreased but this dicreasing mostly accurse at interaction affect of irrigation every 20 days interval and plant density of 333000 plant ha-1. Plant density of 11.12 plants per m2 with yield of 4.98 ton ha-1 had the highest yield. The suitable treatment was variety of Santa Maria at 11.1 plants per m2 with dry yield of 4.77 ton ha-1 had the highest dry yield and variety of Speedfeed sorghum at plant density of 33.3 plants per m2 with yield of 2.53 ton ha-1 had the less ranking.
Conclusions: In all, in order to high quantitative yield irrespective of variety, most frequently irrigation had higher yield than less and intermediate irrigation regime. Though, when comparing the four varieties, quinoa (Santa Maria variety (significantly with dry yield of 4.42 ton ha-1 produced higher dry forage yield. The present findings suggest that in semiarid environments (where saving water is important) it seems that incrasing irrigation frequency is effective for good stand establishment in the saline soils could be insured if proper management is applied in the farms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Irrigation frequency
  • Crop variety
  • Biomass
  • Forage production
  • Soil salinity
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