تاثیر مصرف کودهای گاوی، کمپوست محلی و فسفره روی برخی خصوصیات رشدی و عملکردی گندم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد اگروتکنولوژی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران،

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران،

چکیده

سابقه و هدف
گندم یکی از پر مصرف‌ترین گیاهان زراعی ایران و جهان می‌باشد که حدود 60 تا 70 درصد انرژی غذایی انسان‌ها را تامین میکند. در مدیریت پایدار خاک، ضمن حاصلخیزی خاک، توجه به حفظ توازن عناصر غذایی آن نیز مهم است. این پژوهش با موضوع بررسی تأثیر استفاده تلفیقی از کودهای آلی و فسفره بر خصوصیات گندم و هدف کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی در جهت خصوصیات مفید خاک و بهبود عملکرد و حفظ محیط زیست صورت گرفت.
مواد و روش
این آزمایش در سال زراعی 1400-1399 در مزرعهای واقع در شهرستان سربیشه با استفاده از رقم ارگ گندم بهصورت اسپلیت پلات و بر پایه طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا گردید. در این تحقیق مصرف کود آلی در 5 سطح (صفر، 15 و 25 تن کود گاوی، 10 و 20 تن کود کمپوست محلی در هکتار) در کرتهای اصلی قبل از کاشت و مصرف فسفر بر اساس آزمون خاک در 4 سطح صفر، 33، 66 و 100 درصد مقدار توصیه شده در کرتهای فرعی همزمان با کاشت صورت گرفت. در این آزمایش صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشک بوته، تعداد پنجه، تعداد سنبله در بوته، عملکرد دانه و درصد پروتئین اندازه گیری شد.
یافته ها
بیشترین ارتفاع بوته مربوط به سطح عدم کاربرد کود فسفر و سطح 20 تن در هکتار کمپوست محلی (23/70 سانتی‌متر) بود که به میزان 8/32 درصد نسبت به سطح شاهد افزایش داشت. مشاهده شد که در برهمکنش عامل کود آلی و کود فسفر، بیشترین سطح برگ گندم (8/49سانتی‌متر مربع) مربوط به سطح 20 تن کود کمپوست محلی تلفیق شده با سطح 150 درصد کود فسفر بود. بیشترین وزن خشک بوته در سطح 20 تن در هکتار کمپوست محلی بود (58/4 گرم) که سبب افزایش50 درصدی این صفت نسبت به شاهد بود. همچنین در تیمار کود فسفر مشخص گردید که بیشترین میزان وزن خشک بوته در سطح 150 درصد میزان توصیه شده به میزان 48/4 گرم بود که نسبت به سطح شاهد 5/34 درصد افزایش داشت. اثر متقابل دو فاکتور مورد بررسی نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد پنجه (7/5) مربوط به سطح 150 کیلوگرم کود فسفر و سطح 20 تن در هکتار کمپوست محلی بود که سبب افزایش 3/1 برابری نسبت به سطح شاهد شد. سطح 25 تن کود گاوی در هکتار سبب افزایش 7/13 درصدی تعداد سنبله در بوته نسبت به شاهد شد. همچنین سطح 20 تن کمپوست محلی سبب افزایش 6/15 درصدی این صفت نسبت به شاهد شد. مصرف به تنهایی فسفر در سطوح 150 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار، بیشترین تعداد سنبله (به‌ترتیب 27/1 و 23/1 سنبله در بوته) را داشت. مشخص گردید بیشترین عملکرد دانه در سطح 20 تن در هکتار کمپوست محلی بود که سبب افزایش 97/41 درصدی این صفت نسبت به شاهد بود. در تیمار کود فسفر مشخص گردید که بیشترین عملکرد دانه در سطح 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار به میزان 6117 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود که نسبت به سطح شاهد 6/39 درصد افزایش داشت. بالاترین درصد پروتئین در اثرساده تیمار کود آلی مربوط به بالاترین سطح کمپوست محلی یعنی 20 تن در هکتار به میزان 97/11 درصد بود. همچنین در اثر ساده کاربرد کود فسفر، بیشترین درصد پروتئین مربوط به 150 درصد میزان توصیه شده فسفر بود که نسبت به شاهد 83/1 درصد افزایش داشت.
نتیجه گیری
نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که تأثیر کودهای مختلف بر اکثر صفات مورد بررسی مانند ارتفاع بوته، سطح برگ، وزن خشک برگ و بوته، عملکرد دانه و درصد پروتئین دانه معنی‌دار بود. به طور کلی، بین اثر ساده تیمارها بیشترین تاثیر مثبت بر اکثر صفات را تیمار کمپوست محلی داشت و عملکرد بهتری نسبت به اثر ساده کود گاوی و کود فسفر نشان داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of fertilizer manure, local compost and phosphorus consumption on some growth and yield characteristics of wheat

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Rezaei 1
  • Majid Jamialahmadi 2
  • Sohrab Mahmoodi 2
  • Mohammad Hassan Sayyari 2
1 Master's student in Agrotechnology, Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Iran..
2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Genetics and Production Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives
Wheat is one of the most widely used crops in Iran and the world, which provides about 60 to 70% of human food energy. In sustainable soil management, in addition to soil fertility, it is also important to maintain the balance of its nutrients. In general, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers is necessary to maintain yield and maintain the beneficial properties of the soil, as well as to contribute to the sustainable production of wheat as a strategic product of the country. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of combined use of organic fertilizers and phosphorus on wheat properties and the purpose of reducing the use of chemical fertilizers in order to maintain yield and maintain useful soil properties and ultimately protect the environment.

Materials and methods
This experiment was carried out in a field located in Sarbisheh city in 2020 year using Arg wheat cultivar as a split plot and based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, the application of organic fertilizer at 5 levels in the main plots before planting and the use of phosphorus based on soil test at 4 levels in the sub-plots was done simultaneously with planting with a tiller. In this experiment, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant dry weight, number of tillers, number of spikes per plant, grain yield and protein percentage were measured.

Results
The highest plant height was related to the level of non-application of phosphorus fertilizer and the level of 20 tons per hectare of local compost with a 32.8% increase compared to the control level. It was observed that in the interaction of organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer, the highest leaf area of wheat was related to the level of 20 tons of local compost fertilizer combined with 100% phosphorus fertilizer. It was found that the highest plant dry weight was 20 tons per hectare of local compost, which caused a 50% increase in this trait compared to the control. Also, in the treatment of phosphorus fertilizer, it was found that the highest amount of plant dry weight at the level of 100% of the recommended amount was 4.48 g, which was 34.5% higher than the control level. The interaction of the two factors tested showed that the highest number of tillers was related to the level of 150 kg of phosphorus fertilizer and the level of 20 tons per hectare of local compost, which caused an increase of 1.3 times compared to the control level. The level of 25 tons of manure per hectare increased the number of spikes per plant by 13.7% compared to the control. Also, the level of 20 tons of local compost increased this trait by 15.6% compared to the control. The simple effect of phosphorus fertilizer was observed that the levels of 150 and 100 kg / ha had the highest number of spikes. Phosphorus fertilizer treatment showed that the highest grain yield at the level of 150 kg / ha was 6117 kg / ha, which was an increase of 39.6% compared to the control level.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the effect of different fertilizers on most of the studied traits such as plant height, leaf area, leaf and plant dry weight, grain yield and grain protein percentage were significant. The most positive effect on most of the traits due to the simple effect of treatments was local compost treatment and had better results than manure and phosphorus fertilizer.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Arg cultivar
  • Compost
  • Protein
  • Spike
  • Tillering

مراجع

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 16، شماره 1
فروردین 1402
صفحه 61-78

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