نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری در رشته زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران،
2 استاد، گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
3 دانشیار، دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
4 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران،
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Background and objectives:The mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) is one of the most species of legumes. The seeds are an excellent sources of phosphorus. The phosphorus application to legumes have positive effect on nodulation through enhance root proliferation and thus helps in increase nitrogen fixation, So that Phosphorus deficiency is considered as one of the major constraints to successful production of legume. Biofertilizers have high potential for increasing the efficiency of Phosphorus, and ultimately stimulate plant growth. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the biofertilizers in the release of soil insoluble phosphorus and to investigate the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic pigmentation and nutrient elements during the period of mungbean growth.
Materials and methods: To study the effect of different levels of phosphorus and biofertilizers on photosynthetic parameters and seed yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) a field experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at research field of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gorgoan University in 2016-2017. The treatments of this research consisted of three levels of phosphorus (Control, 150 kg.he-1 and 225 kg.he-1) and eight levels of plant growth promoting bacteria and Mycorrhizal fungi (Control, Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas, Azospirillum and Glomus mosseae, Pseudomonas and Glomus mosseae, and Azospirillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas fluoresens, Glomus mosseae). In this experiment, Rhizobium bacteria (R. leguminosarum) was used in all plots. Grain inoculation was done in shadow and after drying, inoculated grains were immediately cultivated. Mycorrhizal fungi was applied under the grain hole just prior to sowing.Chemical fertilizers were applied at a rate of 50 and 100 kg.ha-1 in N and K respectively. Random samples of ten plants for each experimental unit were taken and Photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, SPAD value, grain protein and nitrogen content in plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield were recorded. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure using the SAS statistical software and for the mean comparison, the least significant difference (LSD) test method was used at 5% probability level.
Results: The results showed that the effect of phosphorus fertilizer and Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), SPAD value, grain protein, nitrogen content in plant aerial parts at different stages of plant growth, leaf area index and seed yield were significant, but the interaction of phosphorus fertilizer and Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi levels was not significant on any of the studied traits. The results showed that the highest amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, SPAD, grain protein and nitrogen content in plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield were obtained at 225 kg.ha-1 phosphorus fertilizer. Application of Plant growth promoting bacteria, Mycorrhizal fungi led to an increase in the amount of photosynthetic pigments, seed protein and nitrogen content of plant aerial parts, leaf area index and seed yield.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the photosynthetic pigments, seed protein, nitrogen accumulation in the plant and leaf area index were increased by increasing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer. Also, the optimal effect of Plant growth promoting bacteria and Mycorrhiza on photosynthetic pigments and increasing the protein content of seeds and nitrogen in different stages of plant growth Which ultimately led to an increase in seed yield.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
1.Stajkovic, O., Delic, D., Josic, D., Kuzmanovic, D., Rasulic, N. and knezevic-Vukcevic, J. 2011. Improvement of common bean growth by co-inoculation with Rhizobium and plant growth-promoting bacteria. Rom. Biotechnol. Lett. 16: 1. 5919-5920.
2.Khajeh, M., Gholipour, S., Amiri, A., Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh, P., Mighani, H. and Baraje Fardah., M. 2016. The impact of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers on quality of mung been Gohar variety. J. Agric. Res. 8: 1. 1-14. (In Persian).
3.Li, L., Dong, Y., Ren, H., Xue, Y., Meng, H. and Li, M. 2017. Increased antioxidant activity and polyphenol metabolites in methyl 8asmonate treated mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts. Food Sci Technol. 37: 3. 411-417.
4.Singh, Z. 2016. Growth and yield of desi chickpea (cicer arietinum L.) In relation to phosphorus and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. MSc Thesis. 81 p.
5.Rahman, M., Kabir, M. A., Bidhan Chandra Halder, B. CH., Haque, Md. E. and Rahman, Md. A. 2018. Response of french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties to phosphorus levels in the active tista flood plain. Int J. Agron. Agric. Res. 12: 1. 20-25.
6.Fenta, L. 2017. Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from tomato (Solanum L.) rhizosphere and their effect on growth and phosphorus uptake of the host plant under green house experiment. IJAR. 2320-5407: 1-49.
7.Nassal, D. 2017. The functional role of phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria in the rhizosphere of tomato and maize. PhD Thesis. 174 p.
8.Souza, R., Ambrosini, A. and Passaglia, L.M.P. 2015. Plant growth-promoting bacteria as inoculants in agricultural soils. Genet. Mol. Biol. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-475738420150053.
9.Bona, E., Cantamessa, S., Massa, N., Manassero, P., Marsano, F., Copetta, A., Lingua, G., Agostino, G. D., Gamalero, E. and Berta, G. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting pseudomonads improve yield, quality and nutritional value of tomato: a field study. Mycorrhiza. 27: 1. 1–11.
10.Suryantini. 2016. Effect of phosphorus, organic and biological fertilizer on yield of mung bean (Vigna Radiata) under two cropping patterns. Nusantara Biosci. 8 : 2. 273-27.
11.Duc, N. H., Mayer, Z, Pek, Z., Helyes, L. and Posta, K. 2017. Combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Pseudomonas Fluorescens and Trichoderma spp. for enhancing defense enzymes and yield of three pepper cultivars. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res. 15: 3. 1815-1829.
12.Berruti, A., Lumini, E., Raffaella, B. and Bianciotto, V. 2016. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as natural biofertilizers: Let’s Benefit from Past Successes. Front. Microbiol. 6: 1559. 1-13.
13.Abd El-Lattief, E.A. 2016. Use of Azospirillum and Azobacter bacteria as biofertilizers in cereal crops: a review. JREAS. 6 (7)36-44.
14.Walpola, B. C. and Yoon, M. H. 2013. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria: Assessment of their effect on growth promotion and phosphorous uptake of mung bean (Vigna radiata L. R. Wilczek). Chilean J. Agric. Res. 7 :3. 275-281.
15.Sanayei, S., Abedy, A., Parmoon, Gh. and Gholyzade, L. 2015. Effect of mineral nitrogen on fluorescence changes of alfalfa photosynthetic pigments under drought stress. J. Crop Physiol. 23: 5-20. (In Persian)
16.Hakim, A., Jaganath, S., Honnabyraiah, M. K., Mohan Kumar, S., Anil Kumar, S. and Dayamani, K. J. 2018. Effect of biofertilizers and auxin on total chlorophyll content of leaf and leaf area in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cuttings. Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci. 6: 1. 987-991.
17.Khandan Mirkohi, A., Kazemi, F., Babalar, M. and Naderi, R. 2014. The effect of limiting the use of phosphorus in controlling altitude and improving the quality of ordinary geranium herb (Pelargonium hortorum cv. Bulles Eye). Sci Technol Green House Crops. 20: 63-69. (In Persian)
18.Seema, K., Mehta, K. and Singh, N. 2018. Studies on the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth, physiological parameters, yield and fruit quality of strawberry cv. Chandler. J. Pharma. Phytochem. 7: 2. 383-387.
19.Naidu, N., Grosoiah, V., Satyanarayna, A. and Raja Rajeswari, V. 1993. Variation in developmental and morpho-physiological traits under different environments and their relation to grain yield of greengram (Vigna radiata L.). Ind J. Agric. Sci. 63: 8. 473-478
20.Arnon, A.N. 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. J. Agron. 23: 12-121.
21.Soltani, A. 2007. Application of SAS in Statistical Analysis.
22.Ansari, M.H., Asadi Rahmani, H., Mazaheri, R. and Rezazadeh, B. 2017. Effect of different nitrogen variables on absorption and transfer of nitrogen in gilan local beans in organic agriculture. J. Crop Physiol. 35. 21-35. (In Persian)
25.Arefi, E., Kafi, M., Khazaei, H.R. and Bananyan Aval, M. 2012. Effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on yield, photosynthesis of photosynthetic pigmentation, chlorophyll and nitrogen concentration of components of medicinal and industrial Allium altissimum Regel. J. Agroecol. 4 :3. 207-214. (In Persian)
26.Aghababaei, F. and Reyesi, F. 2011. Mycorrhizal biological effect on chlorophyll, photosynthesis and water use efficiency in four almond genotypes in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 56: 91-101.
27.Razawi, S.A.R., Jahan, M., Nasiri Mahalti, M. and Hajmohammadnya ghalibaf, K. 2014. The effect of different sources of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers and intercropping on the SPAD readings in Malva (Malva sylvestris L.). 1st International and 13 st Iranian Crop Science Congress 3 Iranian Seed Science and Technology Conference. 1-5. (In Persian)
28.Mosavi Far, B., Behdani, M., Jami Alahmadi, M. and Hosyni, M. 2011. Chlorophyll index changes, SPAD, Relative water content, electrolyte leakage and grain yield in three spring safflower genotypes under the influence of water stress. Iran J. Agric. Res. 9: 3. 525-534. (In Persian)
29.Yadava, U. 1989. A rapid and nondestructive method to determine chlorophyll in intact leaves. Hort Sci. 21: 1449-1450.
30.Shah, S.H., Houborg, R. and McCabe, M.F. 2017. Response of chlorophyll, carotenoid and SPAD- 502 measurement to salinity and nutrient stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agron 7: 61. doi:10.3390/agronomy7030061.
31.Alizadeh, M., Rostami Brojeni, M., Armand, N. and Hosseinzadeh, S. R. 2015. Evaluation of photosynthetic parameters of chickpea cultivars in different phenological stages under water deficit stress. J. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2: 1. 74-84. (In Persian)
32.Khaninejad, S., Kafi, M. and Nabati, J. 2014. Effect of different levels of urea and triple superphosphate on physiological properties (kochia scoparia ) under salt stress conditions. Iran J. Agric Res. 12 : 2. 196-206. (In Persian)
34.Kuan, K.B, Othman, R., Abdul Rahim, K. and Shamsuddin, Z.H. 2016. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria inoculation to enhance vegetative growth, nitrogen fixation and nitrogen remobilisation of maize under greenhouse conditions. PLOS ONE. 11: 3. e0152478.
35.Namli, A., Mahmood, A., Sevilir, B. and Ozkır, E. 2017. Effect of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on some soil properties, wheat yield and nutrient contents. Eur J. Soil. 6: 3. 249-258.
36.Akhtar, M.S. and Siddiqui, Z. A. 2010. Effect of AM fungi on the plant growth and root- rot disease of chickpea. Am- Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci. 8: 544-549.
37.Afrasiabi, M., Amini Dehaghi, M. and Modarres Sanavy, S. A. M. 2010. Effect of phosphate biofertilizer Barvar-2 and triple super phosphate fertilizer on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of Medicago scutellata, cv. Robinson. J. Crop Sci. 4: 43-54. (In Persian)
38.Zeidan, M. S. 2007. Effect of organic and phosphorus fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of Lentil plants in sandy soil. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 3 6. 748-752.
39.Bashan, Y., Singh, M. and Levanony, H. 2016. Contribution of Azospirillum brasilense to growth of tomato seedlings is not through nitrogen fixation. Can J. Bot. 67: 2429-2434.
40.Maougal, R. T., Brauman, A., Plassard, C., Abadie, J., Djekoun, A. and Drevon, J.J. 2014. Bacterial capacities to mineralize phytate increase in the rhizosphere of nodulated clover under P deficiency. Eur. J. Soil. Biol. 62: 8-14.
41.Karnan, M., Senthilkumar, G., Madhavan, S., Kulothungan, S. and Panneerselvam, A. 2012. Effect of biofertilizers on morphological and physiological parameters of cow pea (Vigna unguiculata). Pelagia Research Library. 3: 5 .3269-3272.
42.Singh, R., Singh, P., Singh, V. and Yadav. R.A. 2018. Effect of phosphorus and PSB on yield attributes, quality and economics of summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.) J. Pharma. Phytochem. 7: 2. 404-408.
43.Nazeri, P., Kashani A., Khavazi K., Ardakani M. R. and Mirakhori, M.2012. Evaluation of microbiological phosphorus with zinc fertilizer and chemical phosphorus fertilizer effects on physiological growth index in dry bean. J. Agron. Plant Breed. 8: 3. 111-126.
44.Khorramdel, S., Kouchaki, A., Nasiri Mahallati, M. and Ghorbani, R. 2008. Effect of biological fertilizers application on growth indicators of fennel flower (Nigella sativa L.). Ir J. Agron. Res. 6: 285-294.
45.Sepehri, A. and H. Shahbazi. 2017. Effect of planting date and biological and chemical fertilizers on phenology and physiological indices of peanuts. Ir J. Field Crops Res. 15: 1. 216-230. (In Persian)
46.Heidari, A.R., Nasri, M. and Ghooshchi, F. 2015. The study of symbiotic of mycorhiza and phosphor fertilizer on yield and yield components of corn in Robat karim region. Agron. Res. 11: 3 .161- 170. (In Persian)
47.Creus, C., Pereyra, M., Casanovas, E., Sueldo, R. and Barassi, C. 2010. Plant growth-promoting effect of rhizobacteria on abiotic stressed plants. Azospirillum- grasses model. Am J. Plant Sci. Biot. 4: 1. 49-59.
48.Jha, A., Sharma, D. and Saxena, J. 2011. Effect of single and dual phosphate solubilizing bacterial strain inoculations on overall growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) plants. Agron. Soil Sci. 58: 967-981.
49.Srivastava, A. K., Singh, T., Jana, T. K. and Arora, D. K. 2011. Induced resistance and control of charcoal rot in Cicer arietinum (chickpea) by Pseudomonas fluorescence. Can J. Bot. 7: 787-795.
50.Wang, X., Pan, Q., Chen, F., Yan, X. and Liao, H. 2011. Effects of co-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia on soybean growth as related to root architecture and availability of N and P. Mycorrhiza. 21: 173-81.
51.Yeganehpoor, F., Salmasi, S.Z., Shafagh Kolvanagh, J., Ghassemi Golezani, K. and Dastborhan, S. 2016. Changes in growth, chlorophyll content and grain yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in response to water stress, chemical and biological fertilizers and salicylic acid. Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res. 5: 1. 228-236.
)