تأثیر مدیریت‌های مختلف زراعی بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی ارقام گندم

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد در رشته اگرواکولوژی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران،

3 مسئول هسته پژوهشی آموزش برای توسعه پایدار محیط زیستی، گروه کشاورزی اکولوژیک دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف:. با توجه به اهمیت گیاه گندم در تأمین امنیت غذایی کشور و همچنین رویکرد جوامع بین‌المللی به حفاظت از منابع طبیعی در راستای کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی، استفاده از کودهای آلی از جمله ورمی‌کمپوست می‌تواند به عنوان ابزاری مفید و کارآمد درجهت رسیدن به اهداف کشاورزی پایدار به شمار آید. از این رو پژوهشی با هدف ارزیابی مدیریت‌های مختلف زراعی بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی ارقام آبی گندم طراحی و اجرا شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این تحقیق در سال زراعی 1397، در مزرعه تحقیقاتی آموزشی شماره یک گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز اجرا شد. این آزمایش به‌ صورت کرت‌های یکبار خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و با سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی شامل بوم نظام‌های مختلف (کم نهاده، متوسط نهاده و پر نهاده) و فاکتور فرعی شامل ارقام مختلف گندم (مهرگان، چمران 2 و شبرنگ) بود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد بالاترین مقدار عملکرد دانه در بوم‏نظام پرنهاده و رقم مهرگان (6/6312 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به‏دست آمد که با بوم‏نظام پرنهاده و رقم چمران-2 تفاوت معنی‏داری نداشت و کمترین آن مربوط به بوم نظام کم نهاده و رقم شبرنگ (4/4289 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود که حدود 32% کاهش داشت و اختلاف معنی‌داری با بوم نظام کم نهاده و رقم چمران-2 نداشت. بیشترین میزان پروتئین دانه در بوم‌نظام‌های کم‏نهاده و متوسط‏نهاده (6/12 درصد) و کمترین آن در بوم‌نظام پرنهاده (5/10 درصد) مشاهده شد که حدود 16% کاهش یافت. بین ارقام مختلف ازنظر پروتئین دانه اختلاف معنی‏داری مشاهده نشد.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج حاصل از بوم‌نظام متوسط‌نهاده (تلفیقی) نشان داد که این بوم‌نظام کشاورزی توانسته هم‌سطح بهینه‏ای از عملکرد را تولید کند و هم میزان استفاده از نهاده‏های شیمیایی را کاهش دهد. در بین ارقام مختلف مورد بررسی نیز مشخص شد که رقم چمران-2 و مهرگان نسبت به رقم شبرنگ با تغییر نوع بوم‌نظام‏ از پرنهاده به کم‌نهاده مقاوم‏تر و کاهش عملکرد در این دو رقم نسبت به رقم شبرنگ کمتر بوده است. در بین ارقام مختلف مورد بررسی نیز مشخص شد که رقم چمران-2 و مهرگان نسبت به رقم شبرنگ با تغییر نوع بوم‌نظام‏ از پرنهاده به کم‌نهاده مقاوم‏تر و کاهش عملکرد در این دو رقم نسبت به رقم شبرنگ کمتر بوده است.تایج حاصل از بوم‌نظام متوسط‌نهاده (تلفیقی) نشان داد که این بوم‌نظام کشاورزی توانسته هم‌سطح بهینه‏ای از عملکرد را تولید کند و هم میزان استفاده از نهاده‏های شیمیایی را کاهش دهد و می تواند در راستای کشاورزی پایدار باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of different agronomic managements on quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat cultivars

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sakineh Kamaei 1
  • Esfandiar Fateh 2
  • Hadi Veisi 3
1 Former student of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
2 Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
3 Research Centre of Education for Environmentally Sustainable Development, Department of Agroecology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Wheat is the first grain and the most important crop in the world and is one of the major agricultural products that meet the nutritional needs of humans in different countries. developing the use of renewable plant and animal resources and biological resources instead of chemical resources, can play an important role in fertility and maintenance of biological activities, increasing soil organic matter, crop ecosystem health and increasing the quality of crops. According to this, the aim of study is Comparison of crop systems based on wheat cultivation in order to identify and select the best and least dangerous system and agronomical management for the environment. The use of organic fertilizers can also be an effective step to reduce the effects of chemical fertilizer abuse and improve the physicochemical properties of the soil. The use of organic fertilizers can also be an effective step to reduce the effects of chemical fertilizer abuse and improve the physicochemical properties of the soil.While in intensive cropping systems, soil organic matter and nutrients are rapidly depleted and concentrated use of chemical fertilizers reduces crop yields. And this reduction in yield is due to the reduction of biological activity and unfavorable physical properties of soil and the absence of high-consumption fertilizers from trace elements.



Materials and Methods
The experiment was done as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. the main factor included different of ecosystems (low input, medium input and high input) and the sub-factor included different wheat cultivars (Mehregan, Chamran-2 and Shabrang). Planting was done manually on November 18, 2018. each plot consisted of 8 planting lines and was approximately three meters long and two meters wide. The distance between the lines was 20 cm and the distance between the plants on the lines was 2 cm. statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software version 9.4 and mean comparison was performed by Duncan's multiple range test method.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the difference between ecosystems levels on number of spikes, number of grains per spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, grain nitrogen, grain protein, phosphorus and grain potassium was significant at 1% probability level and in wheat cultivars on number Spike, spike length, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, phosphorus and potassium were significant at 1% probability level. In interaction, number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight, grain yield and grain phosphorus and potassium were significant at 1% probability level. the highest grain yield in high-input management system and Chamran-2 cultivar (6312 kg/ha) and high-input and Mehregan cultivar (6240 kg/ha) and the lowest in low-input management system and Shabrang cultivar (4289 kg/ha) and low-input and Chamran-2 cultivar (4375 kg/ha). The highest percentage of grain protein was in the low-input and medium-input (integrated) management system with 12.6% and the lowest in the high-input management system with 10.5%. as a result, by using organic inputs, it has produced lower yield but higher quality (grain protein and phosphorus).
Conclusion
In general, the results showed that the high-input agricultural ecosystem produced higher yields for all cultivars used in the experiment using a higher level of synthetic chemical inputs. In contrast, low-input (organic) agriculture, using organic inputs, has produced lower yields but higher quality (increased grain protein and grain phosphorus). Overall it is suggested that the best ecosystems are medium-input (integrated) ecosystems and Chamran-2 and Mehregan cultivars.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Consumption of input
  • Grain yield
  • Protein Percent
  • Vermicompost
  • Wheat
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