نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد در رشته زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران
2 استاد، گروه زراعت، پژوهشکده ژنتیک و زیست فناوری کشاورزی طبرستان، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
4 استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان، گرگان، ایران
5 دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background and purpose: Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed plants. It is the third largest sources of oil and meal in the world. While most of the edible oil needed by the country is supplied from abroad, this crop with proper performance and adaptation to different climatic regions can play an important role in increasing oil production and required meal by the country. The potential production of grain yield and oil in canola is affected by environmental conditions and crop management. Therefore, understanding the relationship between plant production and these variables seems to be necessary to achieve sustainable yield. This study was conducted to quantify the relationships between climatic variables and management factors with plant biodiversity and canola grain yield in Gorgan fields.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted as a survey in 58 canola fields in Gorgan County, during 2015-2016 crop year. Management data of each field collected by questionnaire and through face- to- face interview with farmers. This data included agricultural history, type of crop rotation, amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, type of tillage tools, amount of applied seed, spraying tools, snowing tools and other information about farmers. Also, grain yield of fields was recorded. In continue, the required meteorological information for this study, were prepared from the meteorological office of Golestan Province. The studied climatic variables were annual precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average annual temperature. The collected data was then prepared in Excel. In the next step, in order to determine the relationship between yield and plant biodiversity with climatic and management factors, we used the analysis of RDA and Canoco software ver. 4.5.
Results and discussion: The results showed that management factors such as farmer's history, fertilizer application, phosphorus fertilizer consumption, cultivar type (Hayola), potassium fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, tillage with disc and manure fertilizer application had the important impact on grain yield. Because, these factors had the closer angle with the canola yield vector. But, some factors such as burning the residue of previous crop, manual fertilization, using RGS cultivar, manually sowing and tillage with a moldboard plough had the opposite effect on canola yield. Among the climatic factors, the annual precipitation was the most important climatic factor and affected on grain yield, while other factors such as average, maximum and minimum temperatures had less effects. The biodiversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener, Simpson and reverse Simpson were calculated as 0.9-2.2, 0.11-0.46 and 2.1-4.9, respectively. According to Canoco software output, annual rainfall variable had a positive effect on plant biodiversity indices in canola fields.
Conclusion: In general, based on the results obtained, with the optimal use of nitrogen fertilizer, appropriate pest management, optimal seed consumption, selection of appropriate sowing date, selection of suitable cultivars and seed infection, canola yield can be increased in fields of Gorgan County.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Anderson, T.M., McNaghton, S.J., and Ritchie, M.E. 2004. Scale dependent relationship between the spatial distribution if a limiting resource and plant species diversity in an African grassland ecosystem. J. Ecosyst Ecol. 139: 2. 227-287.
2.Azizi, M., Soltani, A., and Khavari Khorasani, S. 2008. Canola. Publication of university of Mashhad. (In Persian)
3.Anderson, R.L. 2003. An ecological approach to strengthen weed management in the semiarid Great plains. Adv. Agron. 80: 33-62.
4.Agricultural Statistics One Volume. Crops, Crop year. Ministry of Agriculture. Office of Statistics and Information Technology. 133 p. (In Persian).
5.Behdadian, A., Soltani, A., Zeinali, E., and Ajam Norouzi, H. 2012. The effect of crop management on nitrogen nutrition and yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) in Gorgan. J. Crop Prod. 6: 2. 185-200. (In Persian).
10.FAOSTAT. 2015. Available online at: http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E. (In Persian)
11.Graciano, C. J.F., Goya, J.L., and Guiamet, J.J. 2006. Fertilization with phosphorus increases soil nitrogen absorption in young plants of Eucalyptus grandis. Forest Ecol. Manage. 236:1. 202-210.
12.Golestan Governorate .2014. Land management of Golestan province. Hamoon Data Gostaran Company and the Governor's Office. Section 2. Pp: 239-515.
13.Gholami, J., Ahmadvand, G., and HajiNia, S. 2014. The effect of field area on weed biodiversity of irrigated wheat fields in Meshkabad region in Arak city. Weed Res. 6: 2. 121-134. (In Persian)
14.Haverz, H., Langehin, A., and Copeterz, A. 2002. Agricultural Management (Second Edition), (ed: Dehghanian, S). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad. 325 p. (In Persian).
15.Hashemi, F., Khoshbakht, K., Mahdavi Damghani, A., Vesi, H., and Liaghati, H. 2011. Investigation of agricultural biodiversity in Gachsaran city and the impact of climatic factors on it. J. Agric. Agron. 2: 1 .1-12. (In Persian)
16.Homauni Far, M., and Malek Dar, M. 2005. Investigating the effective factors on the development of canola cultivation in Mazandaran province. J. Ecol Res. 5: 4. 114-122. (In Persian).
17.Jasinska, Z., Malarz, W., Budzunski, W., and Tobala, P. 1993. Effect of the method of applying nitrogen fertilizer in spring on the yield of winter rape. Poste. Nauk. Roluicz, Pola. 40: 6. 33-40.
18.Koocheki, A., and Naseri Mhalati, M. 2016. The Impact of Climate Change on Iran's Agriculture 2 Predicting Crop Production and Adaptation Strategies. Ir. J. Crop Res. 14:1. 1-20. (In Persian with English Abstract)
19.Kutcher, H.R., Warland, J.S., and Brandt, S.A. 2010. Temperature and precipitation effects on canola yields in Saskatchewan. Canada. Agric. Forest Meteod. 150: 4. 161-165.
20.Kirkegaard, J.A., Robertson, M.J., Hamblin, P., and Sprague, S.J. 2006. Effect of blackleg and sclerotinia stem rot on canola yield in the high rainfall zone of southern New South Wales, Aust. J. Agric Res. 57: 2. 201–212.
21.Kadmon, R., and Danin, A. 1999. Distribution of plant species in Israrl in relation to apatial variation in rainfall. J. Veg. Sci. 10: 1. 421-432.
22.Kamkar, B., Bagherani, N., and Razavi, S.A. 2014. Health assessment of wheat agricultural systems in Gorgan based on the diversity of weed, yield and consumption of pesticides. J. Plant Prod. 21:3. 97-115. (In Persian).
23.Khadam Alhosseini, Z., Shkri, M., and Habibiyan, S.H. 2007. Effects of topographic and climatic factors on vegetation distribution in Arsanjan shrublands (Case study: Bonab watershed). Rangeland. 1: 3. 222-236. (In Persian).
24.Kegod, G., Forcella, F., and Clay, S. 1991. Influence of crop rotation, tillage and management inputs on weed seed production. Weed Sci. 47: 175-183.
25.Liu, C., Gan, Y., and Poppy, L. 2014. Evaluation of on-farm crop management decisions on canola productivity. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 131-139.
26.Lisson, N.S., Kirkegaard, J.A., Robertson, M.J., and Zwart, A. 2007. What is limiting canola yield in southern New South Wales? A diagnosis of causal factors. J. Exp. Agric. 47: 6. 1435-1445.
27.Lososova, Z., Chytry, M., Cimalova, S., Kropac, Z., Otypkova, Z., Pysek, P., and Tichy, L. 2004. Weed vegetation of arable land in Central Europe: gradients of diversity and species composition. J. Veg. Sci. 15: 2. 415-422.
28.Min Bashi Moeini, M., Ebtali, E., Esfandiari, H., Adim, H., and Barjasteh, A. 2012. Weed distribution mapping of irrigated wheat in Iran using geographic information system. Res. J.( Pajouhesh and Sazandegi). 95: 3. 22-31. (In Persian).
30.Motaghi, S., Akbari, G.H., Minbashi, M., Alhadadi, A., Zand, A., and Lotfi, A. 2011. Investigation of abundance of narrow-leaved weeds in the country's irrigated wheat fields and determination of major environmental factors affecting their density. Crop Prod. Technol. 11: 2. 13-24. (In Persian).
31.Maknali, A., and Minbashi, M. 2013. Evaluation of the causes of undesirable weeds management in wheat fields in North Khuzestan. Weed Sci. Karaj, University, Tehran. 4 p. (In Persian).
32.Mahmoodi, A., and Prhizkari, A. 2015. Economic analysis of the effects of climate change on crop yield, cultivation pattern and farmers' gross profit. (Case study of Qazvin plain). Ecol. Dev.Res. 1: 2. 25-40.
33.Mosaedi, A., and Kahe, M. 2008. Investigation of the effect of rainfall on the yield of wheat and barley crops in Golestan province. J. Agric Sci. Nat Res. 15: 4. 206-218.
34.Mohammadi, H., Koocheki, A., and Naseri Mhalati, M., and Jahan, M. 2015. Thesis on ecological health assessment of Iranian agricultural ecosystems. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. (In Persian).
35.Merzaei, J., Akbari, M., Hosseni, S.M., and Kahzaei, M. 2008. Comparison of biodiversity reactions of herbaceous and woody species to environmental factors in different geographical directions of Zagros forests. Environ Sci. 5:3. 84-85. (In Persian).
36.Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. Agricultural Research and Education Organization. Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. Rapeseed production guidelines in the four climates of the country. Oilseeds Research Section. Crop year, 2008. (In Persian).
37.Naraghi, M., Ovaisy, M., and RaiesMohammadi, A. 2014. Predicting the growth pattern of Descurainiasophia weeds Caspellabursa and Erysimumcrassicaule in wheat and canola fields. Environ. Sustain Natural Res. Shahid Beheshti University. 8p. (In Persian).
38.Nasratpor, S.H., Mirshekari, B., and HasanPanah, D. 2012. Evaluation of selected herbicides in phenological growth stages, on biodiversity control of fresh weight and dry weight of weeds and number of potato tubers larger than 55 mm. J. Agric Res. 6 p. (In Persian).
39.Oilseeds Cultivation Development Company. Applied Research and Seed Production Complex (Takato). 2014. http://arc-ordc.ir/index.php/joomla-pages/list-all-categories/2014-10-24-06-29-36/300-2014-10-24-06-33-26.
40.Patterson, D. 1995. Effects of environmental stress on weed/crop interactions. Weed Sci. 43: 3. 483-490.
41.Pinke, G., Pal, R., Botta, Z. 2018. Effects of environmental factors on weed species composition of cereal and stubble in Western Hungary. J. Biol. 5: 2. 283-299.
42.Rezaei, H. 2013. A review of research on the application of livestock manure in Iranian agricultural lands. J. Land Manage. 1: 1. 55-68
43.Schroeder, D., Mueller-Schaerer, H., and Stinson, C. S. A. 1993. A European weed survey in 10 major crop systems to identify targets for biological control. Weed Res. 33: 5. 449-458.
44.Statistical Center of Iran. 2008. Abstract The results of agricultural census statistic http://amar.golestanmporg.ir/.(In Persian).
45.Shahrodi, A. A., Chizari, M., Baghaei, M., and Karemi, A.H. 2007. Skills of beet growers in the field of sustainable crop management methods Case study of Khorasan Razavi province. J. Agri Ecol. (Special issue of the 6th Iranian Agricultural Economics Conference). 1:3. 361-377. (In Persian).
46.Sharifi, A., YonesiAlmoti, M., Javadi, A., Safari, M., Kafashian, G., Grami, K., and Bagheri, N. 2015. The role of agricultural machinery research and mechanization in food security. Agric Res. Pp: 1-16. (In Persian).
47.Thomas, A.G., and Dale, M.R.T. 1991. Weed community structure in spring-seeded crops in Manitoba. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71: 2. 1069-1080.
48.Taherkhani, M., and Golchin, A. 2006. The effect of different amounts and sources of nitrogen on canola yield and the uptake of potassium and phosphorus from the soil. Agron Sci Plant. 6: 4. 30-45. (In Persian).
49.Tavajo, M., Karimian, N. A., Ronaghi, A., Yasrebi, J., Hamidi, R., and Olema, V. 2015. Effect of phosphorus and boron levels on yield, yield components and grain quality of two canola cultivars under greenhouse cultivation conditions. Sci Technol. 6: 24. 99-112.
50.Tahmasebi, P. 2012. Ordination and its use of natural resources. Univ Press of Shahrekord. 200 p. (In Persian).
51.Thomas, A.G., and Frick, B. 2019. Weed survey in different tillage systems in Southern Ontario field crops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72: 6. 1337-1347.
52.Villers-Ruiz, L., Trejo-Vazquez, I., and Lopez-Blanco, J. 2003. Dry vegetation in relation to the physical environment in the Baia California Peninsula, Mexico. J. Veg. Sci. 14: 3. 517-524.
53.Wilhelm, W. W., Johnson, J M.F., Hatfield, J L., Voorhees, W.B., and Linden, P. R. 2004. Crop and soil productivity response to corn residue removal. Agron. J. 96: 5. 1-17.
54.Yang, C., Gan, Y., Harker, K.N., Kutcher, H.R., Gulden, R., Irvine, B., and May, W.E. 2014. Up to 32 % yield increase with optimized spatial patterns of canola plant establishment in western Canada. Agron Sustain. Dev. 34: 5. 4. 793-801.
55.Yazdzni, M., and Sobhani, H. 2010. investigation of management, attitude and technical knowledge of canola farmers (case study of Quchan). National Prod. Bojnourd Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd Branch. (In Persian).
56.ZareFaizabady, A., and Rostamzadeh, H.R. 2013. Effect of crop rotation on weed density and biomass and wheat yield. J. Agron. 5: 2. 318-329. (In Persian).
57.Zare Fayzababi, A. 2015. The effect of crop residue management in different periodic systems on tuber yield and damage of potato wireworms. J. Crop Hortic. Sci (Agricultural Sciences and Industries). 29: 4. 582-593. (In Persian).
)