تاثیر کاربرد تقسیطی کود فسفره بر کارایی آن و پویایی روی و فسفر در خاک و بخش هوایی و دانه و غنی سازی زیستی روی در دانه دو رقم برنج (هاشمی و گیلانه)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری، فیزیولوژی گیاهی، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

3 استادیار، موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، آمل، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: علی رغم اهمیت حیاتی فسفر بازیافت آن در این خاک‌ها بسیار پایین و از 25% فسفر افزوده شده نیز کمتر بوده و باقیمانده آن به شکل‌های مختلف در خاک تثبیت و از دسترس گیاه در فصل رشد خارج می‌شود. علی رغم مطالعات بسیار در خصوص تاثیر مصرف فسفر بصورت پایه و مخلوط با خاک ، مطالعه در زمینه تقسیط فسفر و تاثیر فسفر برروی عنصر روی در خاک و بافت گیاه با توجه به اثر بازدارندگی این دو عنصر نسبت به هم بسیار نادر است. بنابراین پژوهش (گلدانی) حاضر با اهداف بررسی تاثیر تقسیط فسفر بر روند تغییرات فسفر و روی قابل جذب در خاک در مراحل مختلف رشد گیاه برنج، تاثیر تقسیط فسفر بر پراکنش عناصر فسفر و روی در اندامهای گوناگون دو رقم برنج هاشمی (محلی) و گیلانه (اصلاح شده) در مراحل مختلف رشد تدوین و اجرا شده است.
مواد و روشها: آزمایش گلدانی در هوای آزاد به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1397 در مزرعه پژوهشی موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور در رشت انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کود فسفر در پنج سطح، خاک در دو سطح و دو رقم برنج هاشمی (محلی) و گیلانه (اصلاح شده) می باشد. تیمارهای کود فسفر خالص از منبع سوپر فسفات تریپل عبارتند از: (بدون مصرف کود؛ شاهد)، 100 درصد مصرف کود فسفر به صورت پایه، تقسیط دو مرحله‌ای کود فسفر( 50 درصد پایه و 50 درصد بیست روز بعد از نشاکاری)، تقسیط دو مرحله‌ای کود فسفر (50 درصد پایه و 50 درصد 60 روز بعد از نشاکاری) و تقسیط سه مرحله‌ای کود فسفر (50 درصد پایه و 25 درصد 20 روز بعد از نشاکاری و 25 درصد 60 روز بعد از نشاکاری).
نتایج: بیشترین فسفر قابل جذب خاک در زمان گلدهی ارقام هاشمی (3/95) و گیلانه (1/90) به ترتیب در تیمار های تقسیط دو مرحله ای و سه مرحله ای ، بیشترین روی قابل جذب خاک در زمان گلدهی برای ارقام هاشمی (6/8) و گیلانه (7/8) به ترتیب در تیمار های تقسیط دو مرحله ای و دو مرحله ای، بیشترین محتوای فسفر دانه گیاه برنج برای ارقام هاشمی 17/0 و گیلانه 20/0 میلی گرم در کیلوگرم در تقسیط های دو مرحله ای به بدست آمده است. میزان روی دانه در برخی از تیمارهای تقسیط فسفر در مقایسه با کاربرد فسفر بصورت 100 درصد پایه بااختلاف معنی داری بیشتر است. همچنین بیشترین مقدارکارایی زراعی (31/ 13 و 72/ 12)، فیزیولوژیک (19/693 و 10/740)، فیزیولوژیک- زراعی (00/482و753)، بازیافت ظاهری (34/ 5 و 66/ 5)، کارایی مصرف (1998 و 22/1272 کیلوگرم در کیلوگرم) به ترتیب برای ارقام هاشمی و گیلانه در تیمارهای تقسیط عمدتا دو و سه مرحله ایی بدست آمد. براساس مدل رگرسیونی چندمتغیره خطی گام به گام متغیرهای غلظت فسفر قابل جذب خاک در مرحله رسیدن دانه، غلظت روی در دانه و غلظت روی در در بخش هوایی گیاه در مرحله گلدهی 52 درصد از تغییرات عملکرد دانه را تشریح می‌نمایند.
نتیجه‌گیری: افزایش 72/54 درصدی روی دانه در رقم هاشمی و در خاک لوم سیلت در تقسیط سه مرحله ای (50 درصد پایه، 25 درصد بیست روز بعد از نشاکاری و 25 درصد شصت روز بعد از نشاکاری) و افزایش 5/37 درصدی در رقم گیلانه و در خاک رس سیلت در تقسیط دو مرحله ای (50 درصد پایه و 50 بیست روز بعد از نشاکاری) نسبت به مصرف پایه (100 درصد) کود فسفره نشان دهنده تاثیر مثبت و موثر تقسیط نسبت به شرایط عدم تقسیط در بهبود کیفیت دانه است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of phosphorus split application on use efficiency and dynamic of phosphorus and zinc at the soil, aerial parts, and grain, and Zinc biofortification of two rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) (Hashemi and Guilaneh)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shahram MahmoudSoltani 1
  • , Fatemeh Daemi 2
  • Mohammad Taghi Karbalai Agha Molki 3
1 Assistant Professor, Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension, Rasht, Iran
2 Ph.D. student of plant physiology of Agronomy Dept. Agricultural Faculty, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and extension Organization, Amol, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Despite the P vitality for rice cultivation, its recovery index in paddy soils is very low and less than 25% of added P, and the rest goes out of reach of rice plant through the P fixation by soil particles at different fractions. Also, despite abundant studies on the effect of basal soil P application, we face a lack of knowledge on research findings of the P splitting application and its effect on soil Zn concentration and tissues Zn content. Thus, the current research project was done to explore the effect of P splitting application at flooded conditions on the soil and rice plant tissues P and Zn variation trend at the different rice growth stages of two more common varieties (Hashemi and Guilaneh varieties).
Materials and methods: The outdoor pot experiment was conducted on a three factors factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at the research farm of the rice research institute of Iran, Rasht. The experimental treatments were: phosphorus fertilizer split application at five levels, soil at two levels, and rice varieties at two levels (Hashemi (local variety) and Guilaneh(improved variety)), The P application treatments were: control (no added P), 100% basal, P split application at 50% basal and 50% at 20 days after transplanting (DAT), P split application at 50% basal and 50% at 60 days after transplanting (DAT), P split application at 50% basal, 25% at 20 days after transplanting, and 25% at 60 days after transplanting.
Results: The results indicated that the highest soil available P and Zn concentrations were recorded at the flowering stage about 95.3 and 90.10, and 8.6 and 8.7 mgkg-1by two and three P split for Hashemi and Guilaneh, respectively. Also, the maximum P of rice grain was obtained about 0.17 and 0.20 mgkg-1 for Hashemi and Guilaneh, respectively. The Zn content of rice grain at P split pots was significantly more than control and 100% basal application. The highest agricultural recovery (13.31 and 12.72), physiological (693.19 and 740.10) and physiological-agricultural efficiency (482.00 and 753.00), P use efficiency (5.34 and 5.66), and apparent recovery (1998 and 1272.22 kg kg-1) were found for Hashemi and Guilaneh, respectively, in the two and three P split application. Furthermore, stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the soil available P concentration at ripening stage, Zn content of the grain, and Zn concentration at rice aerial parts can explain 52% of grain yield variations for studied rice cultivars.
Conclusion: The three-stage P splitting (50% soil basal, 25% 20 DAT, and 25% 60 DAT) increased the Zn content of the Hashemi variety by about 54.72% at slit loam soil, whereas the Guilaneh rice variety was received a 37.5% increase in Zn content of grain in silty clay through two-stage P splitting (50% soil basal and 50% 20 DAT) compare to control (100 % basal). It can be concluded both three and two-stage P splitting might be positively significantly effective on rice grain nutritional quality.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rice
  • P split
  • P use efficiency
  • Hashemi cultivar
  • Guilaneh cultivar
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