تأثیر بیوچار بر پاسخهای مورفولوژیک رشد ذرت در یک خاک طبیعی آلوده

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد شیمی و حاصل‌خیزی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران

2 استاد، گروه خاک‌شناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهر کرد، ایران

3 استاد گروه خاک‌شناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهر کرد، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تجمع بیش از اندازه فلزات سنگین در خاک کشاورزی علاوه بر آلودگی‌های محیطی، باعث افزایش جذب آنها توسط گیاهان شده که بر کیفیت و سلامت محصولات کشاورزی تأثیر می‌گذارد. سرب و روی از جمله این فلزات دارای پتانسیل سمیت هستند که در خاک‌های آلوده وجود دارند و یکی از اصلی‌ترین معضلات محیط زیست در دهه‌های اخیر به شمار می‌آیند. این فلزات با افزایش فعالیت‌های انسانی شامل فعالیت‌های کشاورزی (کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی، آفت‌کش‌ها و علف‌کش‌ها) و فعالیت‌های معدن‌کاوی در محیط خاک انتشار می‌یابند، اثرات سمی و خطرناکی در خاک داشته و تهدید جدی برای جانداران خاک‌زی محسوب می‌شوند. بیوچار نوعی ترکیب آلی غنی از کربن است که از گرماکافت زیست‌توده گیاهان در شرایطی با اکسیژن محدود تهیه می‌شود. این ماده با داشتن سطح ویژه، ساختار متخلخل، گروه‌های عامل و pH بالا می‌تواند خطر آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک و ورود آنها به زنجیره غذایی را کاهش دهد.
مواد و روش‌ها: هدف این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر برگ گردو و بیوچارهای تهیه‌شده از آن در دماهای ۲۰۰،4۰۰ و 600 درجه سلسیوس با مقادیر 5/0، ۱ و ۲ درصد (وزنی- وزنی) بر فراهمی زیستی روی و سرب و شاخص‌های مورفولوژیک ذرت (رقم سینگل‌کراس ۷۰۴) رشدکرده در یک خاک آلوده اطراف معادن روی و سرب باما بود. ابتدا خاک‌ها به‌مدت 45 روز در گلخانه خوابانیده شد. سپس بر اساس نتیجه آزمون خاک، عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز به همه گلدان‌ها افزوده شد. سپس در هر گلدان، بذر ذرت کشت و ۸ هفته پس از کشت، اندام هوایی و ریشه گیاه از خاک گلدان جدا شد. شاخص‌های مورفولوژیک ذرت و مقدار فراهمی زیستی روی و سرب (عصاره‌گیری‌شده با DTPA-TEA)، pH و EC خاک بعد از کشت تعیین شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد مقادیر مختلف بیوچارهای تهیه‌شده در دماهای گوناگون بر فراهمی زیستی روی و سرب در خاک آلوده اثر معنی‌دار (05/0>P) داشت. روی و سرب عصاره‌گیری‌شده با DTPA-TEA با افزایش مقدار و دمای تولید بیوچار کاهش معنی‌دار (05/0>P) یافت. به ‌گونه‌ای که کاربرد 2 درصد بیوچار تهیه‌شده در دمای ۶۰۰ درجه سلسیوس، فراهمی زیستی روی و سرب را نسبت به شاهد به‌ترتیب 1/49 و 9/34 درصد کاهش داد. پاسخ‌های مورفولوژیکی نشان داد که کاربرد بیوچار نسبت رشد اندام هوایی به رشد ریشه را در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش داد. همچنین بیوچار تأثیر معنی‌داری (05/0>P) بر رشد برگ، ساقه و ریشه ذرت داشت. بنابراین کاربرد بیوچار در خاک آلوده می‌تواند با کاهش فراهمی زیستی و بهبود شاخص‌های مورفولو‌ژ‌یکی ذرت، رشد این گیاه را جهت پالایش سبز خاک بهبود دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Biochar on Growth Morphological Responses of Maize in a Naturally Contaminated Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Parvin Kabiri 1
  • Hamidreza Motaghian 2
  • Aalireza Hosseinpur 3
1 student: soil science department of Shahrekord University
2 soil science department of Shahrekord University
3 soil science department of Shahrekord University
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: The presence of heavy metals in agricultural lands inevitably poses environmental pollutions. Additionally, their exposure threatens the security of healthy and marketable products. Lead and zinc are among the most common heavy metals which are found at contaminated sites, and their toxicity has turned into one of the main environmental issues in recent decades. These hazardous metals are released into the soil due to increase in human activities, including agricultural activities (application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides) and mining activities. They exhibit toxic effects towards creatures, especially terrestrial organisms. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce metals pollution in agricultural lands. Biochar is a carbon-rich organic compound which is produced by the thermal decomposition of waste residues in an oxygen-limited environment. Showing more active functional groups, higher porous structure, and alkaline pH, biochar can reduce the risk contamination of heavy metals in the soil and, consequently retard their entry into the food chain.
Materials and methods: This paper aims to investigate the effects of Walnut leaves and their biochars produced at different temperatures of 200, 400 and 600 °C on the bioavailability of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb), as well as morphological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L. Cv. Single cross 704) grown in a highly polluted calcareous soil adjacent the Zn and Pb Bama mines. An experiment was conducted by planting maize in untreated soil (control) and soil treated with three rates (0.5, 1, and 2% w/w) of Walnut leaves and biochars. Plastic pots were filled with 3 kg of amended and un-amended soils. In order to equilibrate soil and biochars mixtures, pots were incubated for 45 days. After the incubation period, macro- and micro-nutrients were added to all treatments according to the soil test. In each pot, 3 seeds of maize were sown, and plants were grown for 8 weeks. Plants were harvested, and roots were separated from soils. The maize morphological indices were determined. Some chemical properties of soils (pH, EC, and DTPA-extractable of Pb and Zn) were analyzed after planting.
Results: This study demonstrated that different pyrolysis temperatures and rates of biochar had a significant effect on the bioavailability of Pb and Zn in a highly polluted soil. Bioavailable Pb and Zn (DTPA-TEA extraction) decreased with increment in amendments rates and pyrolysis temperatures. In comparison with the control, the 2% biochar produced at 600 °C, significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the DTPA-extractable Pb and Zn by 49.1 and 34.9 %, respectively. Morphological responses showed that biochar increased the ratio of shoot to root growth significantly compared to control. Biochar also had a significant effect on leaves, stems, and roots growth. Thus, findings illustrated that biochar could immobilize Pb and Zn by reducing the bioavailability to maize and promoting plant growth. Therefore, the application of biochar in contaminated soil can reduce toxicity by decreasing the bioavailability of metals, and increasing plant growth.
Conclusion: Biochar has been proven efficient in reducing heavy metals exposure and increasing phytostabilization, associated with maize's phytoremediation potential.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: Walnut leaves biochar
  • Zinc
  • Lead
  • Morphological indices of maize
  • Highly polluted soils
  1. Afyuni, M. 1392. Standards of soil resources quality (soil resources pollution) and their guidelines. Deputy Minister of Human Environment. Water and Soil Office, 166p. (In Persian)

    2.Ahmad, M., Ok, Y.S., Kim, B.Y., Ahn, J.H., Lee, Y.H., Zhang, M., Moon, D.H., Al-Wabel, M.I., and Lee, S.S. 2016. Impact of soybean stover- and pine needle-derived biochars on Pb and As mobility, microbial community, and carbon stability in a contaminated agricultural soil. J. Environ. Manage. 166: 131-139.

    3.Ali, A., Guo, D., Zhang, Y., Sun, X., Jiang, S., Guo, Z., Huang, H., Liang, W., Li, R., and Zhang, Z. 2017. Using bamboo biochar with compost for the stabilization and phytotoxicity reduction of heavy metals in mine-contaminated soils of China. Sci. Rep. 7. 2690.

    4.Alloway, B.J. 1990. Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley and Sons, 339p.

    5.Brennan, A., Moreno Jiménez, E., Alburquerque, J.A., Knapp, C.W., and Switzer, C. 2014. Effects of biochar and activated carbon amendment on maize growth and the uptake and measured availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Environ. Pollut. 193: 79-87.

    6.Cui, L., Yan, J., Yang, Y., Li, L., Quan, G., Ding, C., Chen, T., Fu, Q., and Chang, A. 2013. Influence of biochar on microbial activities of heavy metals contaminated paddy fields. BioResources. 8: 4. 5536-5548.

    7.Cuixia, Y., Yingming, X., Lin, W., Xuefeng, L., Yuebing, S., and Hongtao, J. 2020. Effect of different pyrolysis temperatures on physico-chemical characteristics and lead (II) removal of biochar derived from chicken manure. RSC Adv. 10: 7. 3667-3674.

    8.Dai, S., Li, H., Yang, Z., Dai, M., Dong, X., Ge, X., Sun, M., and Shi, L. 2018. Effects of biochar amendments on speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in coal-minecontaminated soil. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. An Int. J. 24: 7. 1887-1900.

    9.Feng, C., Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, G., Zhong, Q., Zhou, W., Xu, X., and Li, T. 2020. Removal of lead,  zinc and cadmium from contaminated soils with two plant extracts: Mechanism and potential risks. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 187. 109829.

    1. Greany, K.M. 2005. An assessment of heavy metal contamination in the marine sediments of Las Perlas archipelago, gulf of Panama. Master of Science Thesis, Heriot-WattUniv. Edinburgh, 114p.

    11.Hosseinpur, A.R., and Motaghian, H.R. 1396. Soil testing (correlation, calibration, and fertilizer recommendation studies). Shahrekord University. 386p. (In Persian)

    12.Hutzinger, O. 1980. The handbook of environmental chemistry. Springer, New York, 434p.

    1. Islam, E., Yang, X., Li, T., Liu, D., Jin, X., and Meng, F. 2007. Effect of Pb toxicity on root morphology, physiology and ultrastructure in the two ecotypes of Elsholtzia argyi. J. Hazard. Mater. 147: 3. 806-816.

    14.Kabata-Pendias, A., and Pendias, H. 2001. Trace elements in soils and plants, Third. ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton. London, 331p.

    15.Kabiri, P., Motaghian, H., and Hosseinpur, A. 2019. Effects of walnut leaves biochars on lead and zinc fractionation and phytotoxicity in a naturally calcareous highly contaminated soil. Water. Air. Soil Pollut. 230. 263.

    16.Kim, H.S., Kim, K.R., Yoon, J. H., and Sik Ok, Y. 2015. Effect of biochar on heavy metal immobilization and uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in agricultural soil. Artic. Environ. Earth Sci. 74: 2. 1249-1259.

    17.Kushwaha, A., Hans, N., Kumar, S., and Rani, R. 2018. A critical review on speciation, mobilization and toxicity of lead in soil-microbe-plant system and bioremediation strategies. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 147: 1035-1045.

    18.Majer, B.J., Tscherko, D., Paschke, A., Wennrich, R., Kundi, M., Kandeler, E., and Knasmüller, S. 2002. Effects of heavy metal contamination of soils on micronucleus induction in Tradescantia and on microbial enzyme activities: A comparative investigation. Mutat. Res. - Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. 515: 1-2. 111-124.

    1. Marchiol, L., Assolari, S., Sacco, P., and Zerbi, G. 2004. Phytoextraction of heavy metals by canola (Brassica napus) and radish (Raphanus sativus) grown on multicontaminated soil. Environ. Pollut. 132: 1. 21-27.

    20.Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic Press, London, 672p.

    21.Menon, M., Hermle, S., Günthardt-Goerg, M.S., and Schulin, R. 2007. Effects of heavy metal soil pollution and acid rain on growth and water use efficiency of a young model forest ecosystem. Plant Soil. 297: 171-183.

    22.Mukhopadhyay, M., Subba, P.H., and Bantawa, P. 2013. Structural, physiological, and biochemical profiling of tea plantlets under zinc stress. Biol. Plant 57: 3. 474-480.

    23.Ogundiran, M.B., Lawal, O.O., and Adejumo, S.A. 2015. Stabilisation of Pb in Pb Smelting Slag-Contaminated Soil by Compost-Modified Biochars and Their Effects on Maize Plant Growth. J. Environ. Prot. 6: 8. 771-780.

    24.Peer, W.A., Baxter, I.R., Richards, E.L., Freeman, J.L., and Murphy, A.S. 2005. Phytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants, Pp: 299-340. in: Tamas, M., and Martinoia, E. (eds.), Topics in current genetics. Berlin.

    25.Rashed, M.N. 2010. Monitoring of contaminated toxic and heavy metals, from mine tailings through age accumulation, in soil and some wild plants at Southeast Egypt. J. Hazard. Mater. 178: 1-3. 739-746.

    26.Rhoades, J. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids, Pp: 417-435. in: Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. SSSA, Madison,

    27.Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidel, L.S. 2012. Using multivariate statistics. Pearson, New Jersey, Pp: 54-55.

    28.Tapiero, H., and Tew, K.D. 2003. Trace elements in human physiology and pathology: Zinc and metallothioneins. Biomed. Pharmacother 57: 9. 399-411.

    29.Udeigwe, T.K., Eze, P.N., Teboh, J.M., and Stietiya, M.H. 2011. Application, chemistry, and environmental implications of contaminant-immobilization amendments on agricultural soil and water quality. Environ. 37: 1. 258-267.

    30.Yan-de, J.H., Zhen-li, H., and Xiao-e, Y. 2007. Role of soil rhizobacteria in phytoremediation. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. 8: 3. 192-207.

    31.Yang, X., Lu, K., McGrouther, K., Che, L., Hu, G., Wang, Q., Liu, X., Shen, L., Huang, H., Ye, Z., and Wang, H. 2015. Bioavailability of Cd and Zn in soils treated with biochars derived from tobacco stalk and dead pigs. J. Soils Sediments 17: 3. 751-762.

    32.Yathavakulasingam, T., Vithanage, M., and Mikunthan, T. 2016. Acceleration of lead phytostabilization by maize (Zea mays) in association with gliricidiasepium biomass. Chemical and environmental systems modeling research group. National Institute of Fundamental Studies 2: 5. 16-21.

    33.Yuan, J.H., and Xu, R.K. 2011. The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol. Soil Use Manag. 27: 1. 110-115.

    34.Zheng, R.L., Cai, C., Liang, J.H., Huang, Q., Chen, Z., Huang, Y.Z., Arp, H.P.H., and Sun, G.X. 2012. The effects of biochars from rice residue on the formation of iron plaque and the accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb, As in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Chemosphere 89: 7. 856-862.