بهینه‌سازی اثر سطوح کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر بر عملکرد و شاخص‌های کیفی در گندم با استفاده از مدلسازی سطح- پاسخ

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار ، عضو هیات علمی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 استاد ، گروه اگروتکنولوژی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

3 دانشجوی دکتری ، گروه اگروتکنولوژی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

مدلسازی سطح- پاسخ (RSM) روش آماری برای بهینه‌سازی چند فاکتور است که با استفاده از ترکیب تیمارها شرایط بهینه عوامل تولید را تعیین می‌کند (5،10،11). در این مطالعه، اثر کاربرد کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و خصوصیات کیفی دانه گندم با استفاده از مدلسازی سطح- پاسخ مورد مطالعه قرارگرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش با 13 تیمار و دو تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 95-1394 انجام شد. تیمارها بر اساس سطح پایین و بالای نیتروژن (به ترتیب با صفر و 400 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار) و فسفر (به ترتیب با صفر و 100 کیلوگرم سوپرفسفات تریپل در هکتار) تعیین شدند. عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت، خصوصیات رشد و اجزای عملکرد (شامل تعداد پنجه در متر مربع، ارتفاع بوته، طول خوشه، تعداد دانه در خوشه، وزن دانه درخوشه، وزن دانه دربوته، تعداد خوشه در بوته، وزن خوشه در بوته و وزن خشک ساقه در متر مربع) و خصوصیات کیفی دانه (درصد نیتروژن، درصد پروتئین و درصد فسفر) به عنوان متغیر وابسته مورد اندازه‌گیری قرار گرفتند و تغییرات این متغیرها با استفاده از مدل رگرسیونی ارزیابی شد. به منظور ارزیابی کیفیت مدل از آزمون عدم برازش استفاده شد. بسندگی مدل با آنالیز واریانس مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. کیفیت مدل با استفاده از ضریب تبیین (R2) ارزیابی شد. در نهایت، مقادیر بهینه کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر بر اساس سه سناریوی اقتصادی، زیست محیطی و اقتصادی- زیست محیطی محاسبه شد.
نتایج: نتایج نشان داد که اثر جزء خطی بر شاخص‌ برداشت، طول خوشه، اجزای عملکرد (شامل وزن دانه در بوته، تعداد خوشه در بوته، وزن خوشه در بوته و تعداد پنجه در متر مربع) و درصد نیتروژن و درصد پروتئین دانه معنی‌دار بود. اثر جزء درجه دو کامل عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه، تعداد پنجه در متر مربع، وزن دانه در بوته و وزن خوشه در بوته، درصد نیتروژن، پروتئین و فسفر دانه و اثر متقابل ارتفاع بوته، طول خوشه، تعداد دانه در خوشه و درصد نیتروژن دانه را به طور معنی‌داری تحت تاثیر قرار داد. آزمون عدم برازش در مورد هیچ‌یک از صفات مورد مطالعه معنی‌دار نبود که نشان‌دهنده برازش مطلوب مدل رگرسیون درجه دو کامل می‌باشد. بالاترین مقدار مشاهده شده و پیش‌بینی شده عملکرد دانه به ترتیب برای تیمارهای 400 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار+100 کیلوگرم سوپرفسفات تریپل در هکتار و 200 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار+50 کیلوگرم سوپرفسفات تریپل در هکتار با 54/717 و 89/594 گرم در متر مربع بدست آمد. بیشترین مقدار مشاهده شده و پیش‌بینی شده درصد نیتروژن دانه (به ترتیب با 72/1 و 62/1 درصد) و درصد پروتئین دانه (به ترتیب با 76/10 و 02/10 درصد) برای تیمار 400 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار+50 کیلوگرم سوپرفسفات تریپل مشاهده شد. در سناریوی اقتصادی-زیست محیطی عملکرد دانه و درصد نیتروژن و درصد فسفر دانه همزمان مد نظر قرار گرفت و مقادیر بهینه کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر به ترتیب برابر با 41/141 کیلوگرم اوره و بدون فسفر بدست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: افزایش مصرف کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر تا سطح بهینه موجب افزایش عملکرد و خصوصیات کیفی دانه شد. بهینه‌سازی عناصر غذایی موجب افزایش جذب و بهبود عملکرد در نظام‌های تولید گندم می‌شود و کاهش وابستگی به نهاده‌های خارجی همچون کودهای شیمیایی که افزایش هزینه‌ها و تشدید آلودگی-های زیست‌محیطی را به دنبال دارد. بهینه‌سازی عناصر غذایی خاک اطلاعاتی را در مورد پایداری سیستم‌های زراعی و پتانسیل آلودگیهای زیست‌محیطی فراهم میکند. به طور کلی، بهینه‌سازی مصرف عناصر غذایی ابزاری سودمند است که به طور گسترده‌ای در کشاورزی مدرن مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Optimization of N and P fertilizer rates on yield and quality indices of wheat using a Response-Surface Methodology

نویسندگان [English]

  • Soroor Khorramdel 1
  • Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati 2
  • Mina Hooshmand 3
  • Mohammad Javad Mostafavi 3
1 Department of Agrotechnology, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Department of Agrotecnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Agrotecnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Response surface methodology (RSM) is defined as statistical technique for optimization of multiple parameters which determine optimum process conditions by combining experimental treatments (5,10,11). In this work, optimization of N and P fertilizers on yield, yield components and seed quality of wheat using RSM were studied.
Materials and methods: An experiment was conducted with 13 treatments and two replications at the Research Field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the growing season of 2015-2016. The treatments were allocated based on low and high levels of N fertilizer (0 and 400 kg Urea per ha, respectively) and P fertilizer (0 and 100 kg triple super phosphate per ha, respectively). Biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, growth criteria and yield components (such as tiller No./m2, plant height, spike length, seed No./ spike, seed weight/ spike, seed weight/ plant, spike No./ plant, spike weight/ plant and dry weight of stem per m2) and seed quality characteristics (including N percentage, protein percentage and P percentage) were calculated as dependent variables and changes of these variables were evaluated by a regression model. Lack-of-fit test was used to evaluate the quality of the fitted model. The adequacy of the model was tested by analysis of variance. The quality of the fitted model was judged using the determination coefficient (R2). Finally, the optimum levels of N and P fertilizers were calculated based on three scenarios including economic, ecological and economic-ecological.
Results and discussion: The results showed that effect of linear component was significant on harvest index, spike length, yield components (such as seed weight per plant, spike No./plant, spike weight per plant and tiller No./m2), N percent and protein percent of seed. Effect of square component was significant on biological yield, seed yield, tiller No./m2, seed weight per plant and spike weight per plant, N percent, protein percent and P percent of seed. Interaction effect of full quadratic was significant on plant height, spike length and seed No./spike and N percent of seed. Lack of fit test had no significant effect on the studied traits. The full square model for the response variables gave insignificant lack-of-fit indicating that the data of experimental were satisfactorily explained. The highest observed and predicted values of seed yield were recorded for 400 kg Urea per ha+100 kg triple super phosphate per ha and 200 kg Urea per ha+50 kg triple super phosphate per ha with 717.54 and 594.89 kg.ha-1, respectively. The maximum observed and predicted amounts of seed N percent (with 1.72 and 1.62 percent, respectively) and seed protein percentage (with 10.76 and 10.02percent, respectively) were recorded for 400 kg Urea per ha+50 kg triple super phosphate per ha. Both seed yield and N and P percent of seed were considered in economic-ecological scenario, so the estimated levels for N and P fertilizers were 141.41 kg Urea.ha-1 and without P fertilizer.
Conclusion: Increasing rates of N and P fertilizers up to optimum rates increased yield and seed quality of wheat. Nutrient optimization enhances nutrient absorption and yield in the wheat cropping systems may reduce the dependence on external sources of chemical fertilizers that increase the costs of production and can potentially contribute to environmental contamination. The optimization of soil nutrients provides information on the sustainability of cropping systems and potential environmental pollutions. Generally, nutrient optimization is a useful technique widely used in modern agriculture.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Lack of fit test
  • Sustainability of cropping systems
  • Determination coefficient
  • Regression model
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