اثر مدیریت آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب در برنج (Oryza sativa L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

2 استاد گروه اگروتکنولوژی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

3 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لاهیجان

4 موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، رشت، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کمبود منابع آب و کم بودن کارایی آبیاری در مزارع برنج، استفاده بهینه و افزایش بهره‌وری از منابع موجود را ضروری می‏سازد. یافتن روشی از مدیریت آب که بدون تأثیرگذاری بر میزان عملکرد باعث مصرف کمتر آب گردد، لازم به نظر می‌رسد. تاریخ کاشت به دلیل تأثیر بر مراحل مختلف رشد و نمو و نهایتاً عملکرد دانه بسیار حائز اهمیت است.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به‌منظور بررسی اثر مدیریت آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب در کشت برنج رقم هاشمی بهصورت کرت‌های خردشده با طرح پایه بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی 1395 و 1396 در موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، رشت انجام گردید. دور آبیاری بهعنوان عامل اصلی در چهار سطح غرقاب دائمی، دور آبیاری 5، 10 و 15 روز و تاریخ کاشت بهعنوان عامل فرعی در سه سطح (یک اردیبهشت، بیستم اردیبهشت و دهم خرداد) در نظر گرفته شدند.
یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج، تأثیر دور آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت بر صفات مورد مطالعه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. بیش‌ترین عملکرد شلتوک (4271 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار غرقاب به دست آمد و تیمارهای دور آبیاری 5، 10 و 15 روزه با میانگین به ترتیب 3844، 3196 و 3264 کیلوگرم در هکتار، در رده‌های بعدی قرار داشتند. بر پایه عملکرد زیستی، تیمارهای آبیاری 15 روزه و غرقاب به ترتیب بیش‌ترین و کم‌ترین بهره‌وری آبیاری را داشتند. در بررسی تاریخ‌های کاشت مختلف، تاریخ کاشت‏های یک و 20 اردیبهشت بیش‌ترین میزان عملکرد شلتوک (به ترتیب 3795 و 3820 کیلوگرم در هکتار) را داشتند و بیش‌ترین بهره‌وری آب مبتنی بر عملکرد شلتوک و زیست‌توده در تاریخ کاشت یک اردیبهشت به دست آمد. تیمار دور آبیاری 5 روزه با کاهش 10 درصد عملکرد شلتوک و صرفه‌جویی 10 درصد میزان آبیاری به‌عنوان بهترین گزینه مدیریت آبیاری در شرایط کمبود آب جهت آبیاری تعیین گردید. بیش‌ترین مقادیر بهره‌وری مصرف آب در تیمارهای دور آبیاری 10 و 15 روزه به دست آمد؛ اما با توجه به کاهش شدید عملکرد نسبت به آبیاری غرقابی (با میانگین 24 درصد کاهش عملکرد شلتوک و 14 درصد کاهش عملکرد زیست‌توده) گزینه‌های مطلوبی نبودند‌. با بررسی اثر تلفیق عامل آبیاری با تاریخ کاشت بر میزان کاهش عملکرد شلتوک و زیست‌توده و بهره‌وری آب، مشاهده شد که کاربرد تیمار آبیاری پنج روزه در تاریخ کاشت یک اردیبهشت بیش‌ترین عملکرد را با لحاظ نمودن کم‌ترین کاهش بهره‌وری آب داشته است.
نتیجه‌گیری: تلفیق تاریخ کاشت و دوره آبیاری می‌تواند در افزایش عملکرد شلتوک و بهره‌وری تولید آب با حداکثر بهره‌برداری از محیط می‌تواند تاثیرگذار باشد. با در نظر گرفتن میزان عملکرد شلتوک و زیست‌توده و بهره‌وری آب و میزان مصرف آب، تیمار آبیاری پنج روزه در تاریخ کاشت یک اردیبهشت بهترین عملکرد شلتوک و زیست‌توده را داشته است. این تیمار با نه درصد کاهش مصرف آب و شش درصد کاهش عملکرد شلتوک، بهترین تیمار از نظر بهره‌‌وری و تولید برنج بوده است. بنابراین می‌توان با استفاده از دور آبیاری پنج‌روزه در منطقه مورد مطالعه، با انتخاب تاریخ کاشت مناسب می‌توان میزان بهره‌وری مصرف آب را افزایش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of irrigation management and planting date on yield and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Pooya Aalaee Bazkiaee 1
  • ‌‌‌‌Behnam Kamkar 2
  • Ebrahim Amiri 3
  • Hossein Kazemi 1
  • Mojtaba Rezaei 4
1 Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2 Prof., Agrotechnology Dept. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,
3 Professor، Department of Water Engineering, Lahijan branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
4 Rice Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Rasht, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives
Lack of water resources and inefficiency of irrigation systems in rice fields, have made it necessary to optimize the usage style and increase the productivity of existing resources. It is necessary to find a crop water management approach with lower water consumption without affecting on the yield. Planting date is recognized as an effective factor on the different phonological stages of growth and finally crop yield.
Materials and methods
This research was carried out to investigate the effect of irrigation management and planting date on the yield and water productivity in rice cultivation (Hashemi cultivar). The experiment was performed as a split-plot experiment based on a completely randomized block design with three replications in two years of 2016 and 2017 in Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht. Irrigation interval was considered as the main factor in 4 levels including, flooding, 5, 10 and 15 days. Planting date was assigned to subplots at three levels (April, 21st, May, 11th and May, 31st).
Results
Based on the results, the effect of irrigation interval and planting date on the studied traits was significant at 1% of probability level. The highest paddy yield was observed flooding treatment (4271 kg per hectare) and the irrigation intervals of 5, 10 and 15 days with 3844, 3196 and 3264 kg/ha were in the next rank, respectively. According to the biomass yield, 15-day irrigation interval and flooding irrigation had the highest and lowest water irrigation productivity, respectively. In the study of different planting dates, the highest paddy yield (3795 and 3820 kg/ha, respectively) was observed in May, 11th, and May, 21th planting dates and the highest water productivity based on paddy and biomass yield was obtained in the April 21st planting date. The 5-day irrigation interval with a 10% reduction in paddy yield and saving 10% of irrigation rate was determined as the best irrigation management option under water-deficit conditions. The highest amount of water productivity was obtained in 10 and 15-day irrigation treatments, nevertheless, it is not defined as a logical option due to the significant decrease in yield compared to full flooding irrigation (with an average of 24 percent reduction in the paddy yield of rice and 14 percent reduction in the biological yield). investigating the effect of irrigation combined with planting date on the amount of paddy yield reduction and water productivity, illustrated that the application of 5-day irrigation treatment in the planting date of April, 21st had the highest paddy yield as well as the least water productivity decline.
Conclusion
Combination of planting date and irrigation Interval can be effective in increasing paddy yield and water productivity by maximizing the use of the environment. considering paddy and biomass yield of rice, water productivity and water consumption, five days irrigation treatment had the best paddy and biomass yield in April, 21st planting date. This treatment was the best treatment in terms of productivity and rice production, with 9% reduction in water use and 6% reduction in paddy yield of rice. Therefore, by using a five-day irrigation interval in the study area, by selecting of appropriate planting date, water productivity can be increased.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Irrigation
  • Planting Date
  • Rice
  • Water Productivity
  • yield
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