ارزیابی تحمل به یخ‌زدگی ژنوتیپ‌های نخود دسی (Cicer arietinum L.) در شرایط آب و هوایی مشهد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیات علمی پژوهشکده علوم گیاهی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 استاد دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی

3 دکتری زراعت، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

4 دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

5 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد علوم و تکنولوژی بذر، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: پایین بودن و بی‌ثباتی عملکرد، یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل موجود در رابطه با کشت نخود است. کشت نخود در اکثر مناطق ایران، به‌طور عمده در بهار صورت می‌پذیرد. در‌نتیجه، گیاه در طول فصل رشد به‌خصوص در مراحل پایانی رشد، با تنش‌های غیر زیستی مانند گرما و خشکی مواجه می‌شود. جهت افزایش عملکرد نخود می‌توان از روش‌هایی مانند کشت پاییزه استفاده نمود، اما مشکلی که در این رابطه وجود دارد، پایین بودن تحمل در ارقام موجود نسبت به یخ‌زدگی است؛ بنابراین ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺗﺮی‌ﻫﺎی ﻛﺸﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰه ﻧﺨﻮد، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ‌ﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ یخ‌زدگی ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ، یک ﺿﺮورت ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ‌رود.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک‌های‌ کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار با 29 ژنوتیپ نخود دسی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 96-1395 انجام شد. ژنوتیپ‌های مورد مطالعه از بانک بذر پژوهشکده علوم گیاهی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد تهیه و در دهه اول آبان ماه کشت شدند. در طول فصل رشد، حداقل درجه حرارت 13- درجه سانتی‌گراد بود. به‌منظور تعیین درصد بقاء، 30 روز پس از سبز شدن و هفته آخر اسفندماه، تعداد گیاهان هر ژنوتیپ شمارش و درصد بقاء محاسبه شد. در انتهای فصل رشد، ارتفاع نهایی بوته، تعداد شاخه اصلی و فرعی، ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻏﻼف در ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، وزن صد داﻧﻪ، وزن داﻧﻪ در بوته، عملکرد دانه در متر مربع، وزن زیست‌توده در بوته، عملکرد زیستی در متر مربع و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ اﻧﺪازه‌ﮔﻴﺮی ﺷﺪ.
یافته‌ها: بر اساس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ، ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻴﺎن ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ‌ﻫﺎ از نظر ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ ﺻـﻔﺎت اﻧﺪازه‌ﮔﻴﺮی ﺷﺪه، ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‌دار ﺑﻮد. درحالی‌که ﺗﻨﻬﺎ یک ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ‌ (MCC908) در اثر سرما به‌طور ﻛﺎﻣﻞ از ﺑﻴﻦ رﻓﺖ، دامنه درﺻـﺪ ﺑﻘﺎء در ﻣﻴﺎن دﻳﮕﺮ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ‌ها از هشت ﺗﺎ 100 درﺻﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﻮد. در بین 29 ژنوتیپ نخود دسی مورد بررسی، 11 ژنوتیپ متحمل (بقاء 100-76 درصد) و پنج ژنوتیپ نسبتاً متحمل (بقاء 75- 51 درصد) بودند. در این میان ژنوتیپ‌های MCC890، MCC349 و MCC873 به ترتیب با 1/98، 7/95 و 2/95 درصد، بیشترین بقاء را دارا بودند. به‌طورکلی نه ژنوتیپ شامل MCC373، MCC884، MCC869، MCC916، MCC349، MCC386، MCC870، MCC291 و MCC876، عملکرد بالای 154 گرم در متر مربع (معادل با 1540 کیلوگرم در هکتار) تولید کردند و تمامی آن‌ها به غیر از ژنوتیپ MCC916، بقای بالاتر از 7/66 درصد داشتند. صفات درصد بقاء (**76/0=r)، تعداد شاخه فرعی (*23/0=r)، تعداد غلاف در بوته (**52/0=r)، وزن صد دانه (**38/0=r)، عملکرد زیستی (**95/0=r) و شاخص برداشت (**58/0=r) همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌داری با وزن دانه در بوته داشتند.
نتیجه‌گیری: ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ به‌دست‌آمده، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ‌رﺳﺪ اﻣﻜﺎن دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ژنوتیپ‌های متحمل ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ در نخود دسی ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺸﺖ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ سرد وﺟﻮد دارد. بر اساس تجزیه خوشه‌ای می‌توان از ژنوتیپ‌های نخود دسی در دو گروه (MCC890, MCC207, MCC49, MCC10) و (MCC349, MCC291, MCC386, MCC884, MCC918,MCC868, MCC373, MCC916) در پروژه‌های اصلاحی جهت تحمل به سرمای زمستان بهره برد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Freezing tolerance of deci-type chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) in Mashhad climate conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Nezami 2
  • Elaheh Boroumand Rezazadeh 3
  • Seyed Jalal Azari 4
  • Mohammad Mohammadi 5
1
2 , Faculty of Agriculture and Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
3 Ph.D. In Agronomy, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
4 PhD. Student of Agronomy, Tarbiyat Modarres University
5 MS. Student of Seed Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and objectives: Low yield and instability, is one of the most important issues in chickpea cultivation. In most regions of Iran, chickpea is mainly planted in spring. Consequently, the plant will be exposed to abiotic stresses such as heat and drought during growth season, especially during the final stages of growth. To increase the chickpea yield, Autumn planting can be used, but low tolerance of common chickpea genotypes to freezing stress is a problem. Therefore, according to the benefits of autumn planting of chickpea, identification of freezing tolerant genotypes of chickpea along with suitable yield is a necessity. In this way, the present study was conducted as a field experiment to assess winter tolerance of 29 deci- type chickpea genotype in Mashhad conditions.
Materials and Methods: Experiment was conducted as Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications and 29 deci-type chickpea genotypes in research station of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016-2017. Genotypes were supplied from seed bank of Research Center for Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and seeds were planted in November 1st. The lowest minimum daily temperature during the growing season was -13ºC. To calculate survival percentage, number of plants werfor each genotype was recorded 30 days after emergence and on March 15th. At the end of the growth season, plant height, number of main and secondary branches, pod number per plant, 100-seed weight, seed weight per plant, seed yield per square meter, biomass, biological yield and harvest index were measured.
Results: significant differences were found among genotypes according to all the studied traits. While only one genotype was entirely killed as a result of freezing stress, survival range differed between 8-100% for the other genotypes. Among all 29 deci chickpea genotypes, 11 genotypes were tolerant (76-100% survival) and five were relatively tolerant (51-75% survival). MCC890, MCC349 and MCC873 had the highest winter survival with 98.1, 95.7 and 95.2%, respectively. In total, 9 genotypes including MCC373, MCC884, MCC869, MCC916, MCC349, MCC386, MCC870, MCC291 and MCC876 produced high yield of 154g.m-2 (equivalent to 1540 kg.ha-1) and all of these genotypes had higher survival percentage than 66.7%, except MCC916. Significant positive correlation were found between seed yield and survival percentage (r=0.76**), number of secondary branches (r=0.23**), pod number per plant (r=0.52**), 100-seed weight (r=0.38**), biological yield (r=0.59**) and harvest index (r=0.58**).
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems possible to achieve cold tolerant deci chickpea genotypes for cultivation in cold regions. Based on cluster analysis, two groups of genotypes including 1) MCC10, MCC49, MCC207, MCC890 and 2) MCC868, MCC918, MCC884, MCC386, MCC291, MCC349, MCC916, MCC373 can be used in breeding programs due to their superior attributes such as early- season cold tolerance.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Autumn planting
  • Biomass
  • Seed yield
  • Survival percentage

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 12، شماره 4
اسفند 1398
صفحه 121-136

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