اثر کاربرد ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه و کود فسفاته بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گندم و کارایی مصرف آب در سطوح آب آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیئت علمی گروه زراعت و علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند

2 دانشگاه بیرجند- گروه زراعت

3 دانشگاه بیرجند- گروه علوم و مهندسی آب

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:کمبود آب و پایین بودن حاصلخیزی خاک از مهم‎ترین عوامل محدودکننده رشد و عملکرد گیاهان در مناطق خشک و نیمه‎خشک است. با توجه به تثبیت بخش اعظم کودهای فسفاته به‎ویژه در خاک‎های آهکی، مصرف بیش از حد این کودها علاوه بر کارایی کمتر،مشکلات زیست‌محیطی و اقتصادی نیز به دنبال دارد. استفاده از ریزجانداران مفید خاکزی می‌تواند علاوه بر تأمین عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز گیاه، تحمل آن را به تنش‌های محیطی به‌ویژه خشکی افزایش دهد. بنابراین، هدف از این پژوهش بررسی نقش باکتری‌های حل کننده فسفات (Pseudomonas fluorescens 187 و Pseudomonas fluorescens sp.) و قارچ‌های مایکوریزا (گونه‌های مختلفGlomus)بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گندم و بهبود کارایی مصرف آب در سطوح مختلف آب آبیاری است.
مواد و روش‌ها:این مطالعه به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بر روی گندم (رقم آنفارم 4) در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند در سال زراعی 97-1396 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل چهار سطح آب آبیاری (I0، I1، I2 و I3 به ترتیب معادل 100، 75، 50 و 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی (FC)) و چهار سطح تیمار کودی (F0، F1، F2 و F3 به ترتیب شاهد، ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه، سوپرفسفات تریپل به مقدار 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار و ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه+ سوپرفسفات تریپل به مقدار 75 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. پس از رسیدگی کامل، از هر کرت تعداد 10 بوته با رعایت اثر حاشیه‏ای انتخاب سپس ارتفاع و تعداد پنجه آن‌ها اندازه‎گیری شد. پس از برداشت نیز شاخص‌های طول سنبله، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، غلظت فسفر دانه و درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه اندازه‌گیری و شاخص برداشت و کارایی مصرف آب نیز محاسبه شد.
یافته‌ها:نتایج نشان داد که با کاهش مصرف آب از 100 درصد به 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی پارامترهای ارتفاع بوته (19 درصد)، تعداد پنجه (35 درصد)، تعداد سنبله (22 درصد)، تعداد دانه در سنبله (17 درصد)، وزن هزار دانه (20 درصد) و عملکرد دانه (35 درصد) گندم کاهش، ولی غلظت فسفر دانه (42 درصد) به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت. تنش آبی عملکرد دانه را در مقایسه با عملکرد بیولوژیک بیشتر کاهش داد. از طرف دیگر، کاربرد ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه و کود فسفاته موجب افزایش پارامترهای فوق در سطوح مختلف آب آبیاری شد. بر اساس نتایج، در بیشتر شاخص‌های مورد مطالعه از جمله تعداد سنبله، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه و غلظت فسفر دانه تفاوت معنی‎داری بین کاربرد کود فسفاته و ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه+ 50 درصد کود شیمیایی در سطوح مختلف آب آبیاری مشاهده نشد. کاربرد همزمان ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه با50 درصد کود شیمیایی در سطوح آب آبیاری 75، 50 و 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی، عملکرد دانه را به ترتیب 79، 88 و 75 درصد و عملکرد بیولوژیک را به ترتیب 57، 71 و 61 درصد نسبت به همان سطح آبیاری افزایش داد. همچنین با کاهش مصرف آب از 100 درصد به 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی، درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه 33 درصد و با مصرف کود فسفاته مقدار آن22 درصد کاهش یافت. هم‌چنین با کاهش مصرف آب از 100 به 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی، کارایی مصرف آب حدود 3/2 برابر افزایش یافت.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، اگرچه در بیشتر شاخص‌های اندازه‎‌گیری شده کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی بیش‌ترین تأثیر را در افزایش این شاخص‎ها داشت ولی، کاربرد ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه همراه با 50 درصد کود فسفاته از لحاظ آماری تفاوتی با کاربرد کامل کود شیمیایی نداشت. به عبارتی، با توجه به مشکلات زیست‌محیطی کودهای شیمیایی می‌توان تا حدود 50 درصد مصرف کودهای شیمیایی را بدون تأثیر معنی‌دار بر عملکرد، کاهش داد. بنابراین کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی و ریزجانداران محرک رشد گیاه در شرایط کمبود آب در تولید گندم توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Application of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms and Phosphate Fertilizers on Yield, Yield Components and Water Use Efficiency of Wheat at Levels of Irrigation Water

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farhad Azami-Atajan 1
  • Hossein Hammami 2
  • Mostafa Yaghoobzadeh 3
1 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.
2 Agronomy department, University of Birjand
3 Water engineering and science department, University of Birjand
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Water deficit and low soil fertility are the most important factors limiting plant growth and yield in arid and semiarid regions. The use of chemical fertilizers is the most common way to provide the necessary nutrients for plants including phosphorus. Due to the fixation of high amount of the phosphate fertilizers, especially in calcareous soils, overuse of these fertilizers in addition to their low efficiency, also causes environmental and economic problems.In addition to providing plant nutrients, use of beneficial soil microorganisms can increase tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on yield and yield components of wheat and improving the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers at different levels of irrigation water.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications on wheat (Anfarm 4 cultivar) at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University in crop year 2017-2018.Experimental treatments consisted of four levels of irrigation water (I0, I1, I2 and I3, 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of field capacity (FC), respectively) and four levels of fertilizer treatment (F0, F1, F2 and F3, Control, plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPM), 150 kg ha-1 triple super phosphate (TSP), and PGPM+ 75 kg ha-1 TSP, respectively). For determination of the plant height and tiller number, 10 plants were selected from each plot and then their numbers counted. Also, the spike number, spike length, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seeds weight, grain and biological yield, seed P concentration, root colonization and water use efficiency was recorded.
Results and discussion: Results showed that with decreasing water use to 25% of FC, plant height (19%), tiller number (35%), spike number (22%), grain number (17%), 1000-grain weight (20%) and grain yield (35%) decreased, but the seed P concentration (42%) was increased. Water stress reduced grain yield more than biological yield. Application of irrigation water by 75%, 50% and 25% of FC, decreased grain yield by 25, 36 and 44% and biological yield by 21%, 30% and 38%, respectively. On the other hand, application of PGPM and chemical fertilizers increased the above parameters at various irrigation water levels. According to the results, there was no significant difference between TSP application and PGPM+ 50% TSP application at different levels of irrigation water for most of the studied indices such as spike number, seed number, 1000-seeds weight, grain yield and seed P concentration. Combined application of PGPM+ 50% TSP at irrigation water levels of 75, 50 and 25% of FC, increased grain yield by 79, 88 and 75% and biological yield by 57, 71 and 61%, respectively compared with the same irrigation water levels.
The positive effect of PGPM on yield and yield components of wheat, especially under water deficit conditions,can be attributed to the production of auxin, organic acids and siderophore by bacteria, and the colonization of roots by fungi and access to more soil points, thereby increasing the uptake of nutrients such as phosphorus and water for the plant.
Conclusion: According to the results, although the application of chemical fertilizers had the most effect on most of the measured indices, the application of PGPM with 50% of chemical fertilizer was not statistically different from the full application of fertilizer. In other words, due to the environmental problems and high cost of chemical fertilizers, Therefore, the simultaneous application of chemical fertilizer and PGPM is recommended, especially in conditions of water scarcity in wheat production.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Birjand
  • Mycorrihiza
  • Phosphorus
  • Water Deficiency
  • Wheat

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 12، شماره 4
اسفند 1398
صفحه 1-24

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