کمی‌سازی اثر همزیستی با قارچ‌های Piriformospora indica و Trichoderma longibrachiatum بر برخی صفات رشدی و فیزیولوژیک کلزا تحت تنش سرب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

2 گروه زراعت، پژوهشکده ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری کشاورزی طبرستان، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، ساری، ایران

3 گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، ساری، ایران

4 گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، ساری، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: به‌طور متوسط خاک‌های کشاورزی در بسیاری از نقاط جهان با عناصر سنگین فلزی آلوده می‌گردد. در این میان، سرب با طیف گسترده‌ای از اثرات نامطلوب مانند کاهش رشد طولی و زیست‌توده ریشه، تسریع پیری برگ، جلوگیری از بیوسنتز کلروفیل و جوانه‌زنی بذر، دخالت در جذب مواد مغذی و اختلال در فتوسنتز خالص، تنفس و نفوذ پذیری غشای سلولی بر رشد و متابولیسم گیاهان تأثیر می‌گذارد. بنابراین استفاده از روشی سریع و ایمن برای حذف آلاینده‌ها با حداقل هزینه و تأثیر بر محیط زیست ضروری است. یکی از بهترین روش‌ها گیاه‌پالایی می‌باشد که در این بین گیاهان خانواده شب‌بو مانند کلزا (Brassica napus L.) به‌دلیل تولید زیست‌توده فراوان توانایی ویژه‌ای در پالایش خاک‌های آلوده دارند. از سوی دیگر زیست‌پالایی نیز از جمله روش‌هایی است که در سال‌های اخیر برای حذف آلاینده‌ها مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. استفاده از انواع ریزجانداران مانند جلبک‌ها، قارچ‌ها و باکتری‌ها جهت افزایش کارایی این روش اهمیت بسیاری دارد. بنابراین هدف از انجام این پژوهش ارزیابی تأثیر قارچ‌های پیریفورموسپورا (Piriformospora indica) و تریکودرما(Trichoderma longibrachiatum) بر صفات رشدی و فیزیولوژیک کلزا تحت تنش سرب بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و در سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل چهار سطح عنصر سنگین سرب از منبع نیترات سرب (صفر، 500، 1000، 1500 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم خاک) و سه تیمار قارچی (شاهد، پیریفورموسپورا و تریکودرما) بود. پس از گذشت 60 روز از کاشت کلزا (رقم هایولا 401) و اتمام دوره رشد رویشی و قبل از گلدهی صفات رویشی و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیک اندازه‌گیری شدند. برای کمی‌سازی اثر تنش سرب از تجزیه رگرسیونی و معادله خطی و دو تکه‌ای استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد با افزایش سطح سرب از صفر به 1500 میلی‌گرم تعداد گره و برگ، قطر ساقه، وزن تر برگ و وزن خشک ساقه (بین 20 تا 58 درصد) به‌صورت خطی و دو تکه‌ای کاهش یافتند. همچنین تلقیح قارچ‌های پیریفورموسپورا و تریکودرما موجب افزایش قطر و وزن خشک ساقه شدند. همچنین مشاهده شد قارچ‌های مذکور در سطوح مختلف سرب بر صفات رویشی اثر مثبتی داشتند به‌طوری‌که کاهش ارتفاع بوته، سطح برگ، وزن تر ساقه و اندام هوایی و وزن خشک برگ و اندام هوایی در سطح 1500 میلی‌گرم سرب نسبت به سطح صفر از 27، 74، 68، 65، 69 و 70 درصد در شاهد به 12، 44، 35، 36، 52 و 52 درصد در همزیستی با پیریفورموسپورا و 31، 48، 58، 53، 52 و 53 درصد پس از بکارگیری تریکودرما رسید. همچنین میزان نشت الکترولیت تا سطح 500 میلی‌گرم با شیب 0/000084 و سپس با شیب 0/0018 روند افزایشی را نشان داد. در مقایسه تلقیح گیاه با پیریفورموسپورا و تریکودرما نشت الکترولیت را تنها حدود دو درصد کاهش داد. به‌علاوه اثر متقابل سرب و قارچ بر سبزینگی برگ، کلروفیل a+b، محتوای نسبی آب برگ و پرولین معنی‌دار بود و کاهش سبزینگی برگ و کلروفیل a+b در سطح 1500 میلی‌گرم نسبت به شاهد به‌ترتیب از حدود 18 و 35 درصد در عدم تلقیح به حدود 7 و 27 درصد در پیریفورموسپورا و 13 و 5 درصد در تریکودرما کاهش یافت. بر اساس نتایج همبستگی بین صفات مورفولوژیک و فیزیولوژیک، بیشترین همبستگی مربوط به سطح برگ و محتوای نسبی آب برگ به‌میزان 0/80 بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع، نتایج بیانگر حساسیت بیشتر صفات رویشی نسبت به سمیت سرب بود. در میان این صفات نیز بیشترین حساسیت در وزن خشک ساقه و اندام هوایی مشاهده شد. تلقیح کلزا با قارچ‌های پیریفورموسپورا و تریکودرما در برخی صفات موجب کاهش این حساسیت گردید. با توجه به این نتایج به نظر می‌رسد این قارچ‌ها می‌توانند تا حدودی اثر سمیت سرب را در گیاه کاهش دهند و موجب افزایش تحمل آن به تنش سرب شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The symbiosis effect of Piriformospora indica and Trichoderma longibrachiatum fungi on some vegetative and physiological traits of canola under lead stress

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehranoosh Emamian Tabarestani 1
  • Hemmatollah Pirdashti 2
  • Mohammad Ali Tajick Ghanbary 3
  • Fardin Sadeghzadeh 4
1 Agronomy Department, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
2 Agronomy Department, Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
3 Department of Plant Protection, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
4 Department of Soil Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Agricultural soils in many parts of the world are slightly to moderately are contaminated by heavy metals elements. Among them, Pb has an effect on growth and metabolism of plants with a wide range of adverse effects like decrease in root elongation and biomass, accelerated leaf senescence, inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis and seed germination, interferes with nutrient uptake, influence the net photosynthetic rate and respiration and alternate permeability of cell membrane. So, the usage of a fast and safe method is necessary to remove pollutants with the lowest cost and impact on the environment. One of the best methods is phytoremediation that the Brassicaceae family plants such as canola (Brassica napus L.) have a special ability to refine contaminated soils due to their much biomass production. On the other hand, bioremediation is one of the methods that has been considered in recent years to remove contaminants. In this context, it is important to use a variety of microorganisms like algae, fungi and bacteria in order to improve phytoremediation efficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of Piriformospora indica and Trichoderma longibrachiatum on improving the growth and some physiological traits of canola under lead stress.
Materials and Methods: This research was done as factorial layout based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were four levels of lead from lead nitrate source (0. 500, 1000 and 1500 mg kg-1 of soil) and three treatments of fungi (control, Piriformospora indica and Trichoderma longibrachiatum). After 60 days of (Hyola 401 cultivar) planting time, coinciding with the end of vegetative growth and before flowering, Vegetative and some physiological traits were measured. To quantify the effect of lead stress regression analysis and linear and segmental models were used.
Results: The results showed that node and leaf number, stem diameter, leaf fresh weight and stem dry weight (between 20 and 58%) were reduced as linearly and segmental model where lead levels increased from zero to 1500 mg. Also, inoculation of Piriformospora and Trichoderma fungi increased stem diameter and dry weight. Using the mentioned fungi had a positive effect on vegetative traits at different levels of lead. Accordingly, plant height, leaf area, stem and shoot fresh weight and leaf and shoot dry weight reduced from 27, 74, 68, 65, 69 and 70% in control to 12, 44, 35, 36, 52 and 52% in symbiosis with Piriformospora and 31, 48, 58, 53, 52 and 53% after applying Trichoderma at in 1500 mg as compared to the zero levels, as well. Also, the electrolyte leakage rate showed an increasing trend with 0.000084 slope Up to 500 mg and then with a 0.0018 slope. But plant inoculation with Piriformospora and Trichoderma reduced the electrolyte leakage with about two percent. In addition, the interaction between lead and fungi was significant on SPAD reading, chlorophyll a+b, relative water content (RWC) of leaves and proline. SPAD reading and chlorophyll a+b declined from nearly 18 and 35% in non-inoculation treatment to about 7 and 27% in Piriformospora, and 13 and 5% in Trichoderma in 1500 mg as compared to the control, respectively. Among morphological and physiological traits, the highest correlation (r=0.80; p < 0.01) was between leaf area and RWC.
Conclusion: In conclusion, results indicated that vegetative traits showed more sensitivity to lead toxicity. Among these traits, the highest sensitivity was recorded in stem and shoot dry weights. Inoculation of canola seed with Piriformospora and Trichoderma fungi ameliorated this sensitivity in some traits. Accordingly, it seems that these fungi can improve slightly the adverse effect of lead toxicity and increase canola tolerance to lead stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Canola
  • Lead
  • Mycorrhiza-like
  • Proline
  • Trichoderma

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 12، شماره 3
آذر 1398
صفحه 139-156

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