اثر تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد توده‌های مختلف سیاه‌دانه (Nigella sativa L.) در شرایط آب و هوایی گرگان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه زراعت، دانشکده علوم زراعی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری ایران

2 دانش‌آموخته دکتری بیماری‌شناسی گیاهی، گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع‌طبیعی گرگان، گرگان ایران،

10.22069/ejcp.2024.22697.2641

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: سیاه‌دانه گیاهی دارویی و پر مصرف در سراسر جهان است. دانه‌های این گیاه دارای ارزش اقتصادی قابل توجهی بوده و حاوی ترکیباتی همچون تیموکینون، تیمول، توکوفرول، ترانس رتینول و سلنیوم می‌باشند که کاربردهای چند منظوره دارند. مطالعات نشان داده‌اند که تأخیر در کشت، تأثیر منفی بر رشد و عملکرد این گیاه دارد. از آنجایی‌که تاریخ کشت بر روی استقرار گیاه، کنترل علف‌های هرز، بیماری‌ها و آفات، زمان برداشت و کیفیت محصول مؤثر است، بنابراین آگاهی از زمان مناسب کشت در هر منطقه برای ارتقای کمی و کیفی محصول حائز اهمیت می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: از این رو، به منظور بررسی تأثیر تاریخ کاشت و توده‌های مختلف سیاه دانه بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، آزمایشی مزرعه‌ای در سال زراعی 01-1400 در محل مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان اجرا شد. این آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار انجام گرفت. تیمارها شامل تاریخ کشت در سه سطح (15 آبان، 15 آذر و 15 دی‌ماه) و توده سیاه‌دانه در سه سطح (ایرانی، سوری و هندی) بود. در این پژوهش صفات مورد مطالعه شامل تعداد شاخه فرعی، کپسول در هر بوته، تعداد کپسول پوک در هر بوته، تعداد دانه در خانه کپسول، تعداد فولیکول، وزن کپسول، وزن هزاردانه، عملکرد دانه، وزن خشک تک بوته و عملکرد بیولوژیک، اندازه‌گیری، شمارش و ثبت شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، اثر تاریخ کاشت، توده و اثر متقابل آن‌ها بر اکثر صفات مورد مطالعه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. بر اساس نتایج، بیشترین تعداد کپسول سالم و پوک و بیشترین تعداد فولیکول در توده ایرانی مشاهده شد. همچنین بالاترین وزن کپسول، وزن هزاردانه و حداکثر عملکرد دانه به‌ترتیب با میانگین 288/0 ، 38/2 گرم و 75/994 کیلوگرم در هکتار به توده هندی در تاریخ کشت اول تعلق گرفت. به‌طور کلی در بین توده‌های مورد بررسی، توده هندی به‌دلیل سازگاری با شرایط آب و هوایی منطقه، در اکثر صفات عملکردی در مقایسه با دو توده دیگر بیشترین مقدار را به خود اختصاص داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: در این تحقیق در سال مورد مطالعه تأخیر در تاریخ کاشت (آذر و دی ماه) موجب کاهش معنی‌دار صفات مربوط به عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد شد و تاریخ کشت اول (15/08/1400) بیشترین اثر مثبت را بر هر سه توده به خود اختصاص داد، بنابراین مناسب‌ترین تاریخ کشت برای سیاه‌دانه در شرایط آب و هوایی گرگان، کشت در آبان ماه بوده که موجب دستیابی به حداکثر عملکرد دانه در توده‌های سیاه‌دانه به‌ویژه توده هندی می‌شود. درنتیجه جهت حصول حداکثر عملکرد، این تاریخ کشت قابل توصیه در شرایط اقلیم شهرستان گرگان می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of sowing date on yield and yield components of different varieties of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in Gorgan climatic conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Mehdi Mirzaei 1
  • Zeinab Zare rahmat abad 2
1 PhD Student, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran
2 PhD student in Plant Pathology, Department of Phytomedicine, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran,
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Black cumin is a medicinal and widely used plant worldwide. The seeds of this plant have significant economic value and contain compounds such as thymoquinone, thymol, tocopherol, trans-retinol, and selenium, which have multipurpose applications. Studies have shown that the delay in cultivation hurts the growth and performance of this plant. Since the sowing date is effective on plant establishment, control of weeds, diseases and pests, harvest time, and product quality, it is important to know the proper sowing date in each region to improve the quality and quantity of the product.
Materials and methods: Therefore, to investigate the effect of sowing date and different varieties of black cumin on the yield and yield components, a field experiment was conducted in the agricultural year 2021–22 at the Golestan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. This experiment was factorial with a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The treatments included the sowing date in three levels (6 November, 6 December, and 5 January) and the black cumin variety in three levels (Iranian, Syrian, and Indian). In this study, the traits studied include the number of sub-branches, capsules per plant, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, the number of follicles, the weight of capsules, the weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield, dry weight of a single plant, and biological yield.
Result: The results showed that the effect of sowing date, varieties, and their mutual effect on most studied traits was significant at the probability level of 1%. Based on the results, the highest number of healthy pus capsules and the highest number of follicles were observed in the Iranian variety. Also, the highest capsule weight, 1000 seed weight, and maximum seed yield were assigned to the Indian variety on the first sowing date with an average of 0.288, 2.38 g, and 994.75 kg/ha, respectively. In general, among the investigated varieties, the Indian variety had the highest value in most of the functional traits compared to the other two varieties due to its adaptability to the climatic conditions of the region.
Conclusion: In this research, the delay in sowing dates (December and January) caused a significant decrease in traits related to yield and yield components, and the first sowing date (2021/11/06) had the most positive effect on all three varieties. Therefore, the most suitable sowing date for black cumin in Gorgan climatic conditions is planting in November, which achieves the maximum grain yield in black cumin varieties, especially the Indian variety. As a result, to achieve maximum yield, this sowing date is recommended in the climatic conditions of Gorgan city.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Yield components
  • Indian ecotype
  • Black cumin
  • Follicles

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 17، شماره 3
مهر 1403
صفحه 143-164

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