نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران
2 دانشیار گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه،ایران
3 استادیار گروه شیمی واحد اردبیل، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اردبیل، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background and objective: Allelopathic weeds by releasing inhibitors to their environment mainly affect the growth and development of adjacent plants. Although the mode of action of these materials is very complex and their targets are varied, however; seed germination inhibition is one of their important targets in most cases. In the present study, we investigated the allelopathic potential of Ceratocephalus falcata on seed germination of maize, wheat and sunflower plants on their hydrolyzing and antioxidant enzymatic systems.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as factorial in completely randomized design with three replications. Factors included three seed crop varieties of wheat, maize and sunflower (first factor) and the concentration of aqueous extract of C. falcata (second factor) with five levels including control (distilled water), 5, 10, 15 and 20% concentrations.
Results: Germination percentage decreased significantly with increasing concentration of aqueous extract of C. falcata. Germination was suppressed in all species at 10% and higher concentrations. The highest germination percentage was obtained from control treatment of wheat (99.88%) and maize (99.36%) treatments, respectively. At 5% concentration of the extract, germination percentage decreased to below 50% in all studied species. The activity of antioxidant and alpha-amylase enzymes was also affected proportionally by the concentration of extract and plant species. In most species the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased up to 10% concentration of the extract, however, at 20% concentration of the extract their activity decreased significantly compared to the control treatment. The highest activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase was observed in maize seed at medium levels of the extract, while the lowest activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase was observed in sunflower seed at 20% treatment. This treatments also resulted the lowest peroxidase activity in wheat seeds. The highest and lowest activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme was related to 10% treatment in wheat seed and 20% concentration in sunflower seed, respectively. The activity of alpha-amylase enzyme decreased gradually with increasing concentration of the extract in all tested species.
Conclusion: The results showed that C. falcata had a very strong allelopathic effect on the germination of the studied plants. According to the results of germination, wheat had the higher sensitivity among the tested plants. The results also showed that allelochemical compounds in the aqueous extract at moderate concentrations increased levels of antioxidant activity implying that oxidative stress during seed germination of the crops has been induced. In addition, the decrease in alpha-amylase activity indicates the interference of inhibitor components with remobilization of seed storages to support the growing embryo. In general, accumulation of oxidative stress damages to seed structures and blocking of seed reserve remobilization were important reasons for drastic reduction of germination percentage in studied seeds that implies bio-herbicide potential of C. falcata.
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