بررسی کارایی گیاهان پوششی و نحوه از بین بردن آنها بر جمعیت علف‌های هرز و عملکرد علوفه ذرت (رقم سینگل کراس 444)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد رشته علوم علف‌های هرز، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان.

2 استادیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان.

3 دانشیار، گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کشت گیاهان پوششی در فاصله بین کشت دو گیاه زراعی اصلی می‏تواند به بعنوان یک راهکار اکولوژیک مطلوب برای دستیابی به اهدافی مانند ممانعت ازتوسعه‏ی جمعیت علف‌های هرز، افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک، کاهش فرسایش خاک و افزایش عملکرد گیاهان زراعی باشد. گیاهان پوششی مختلف، توانایی‌های متفاوتی در دستیابی به اهداف فوق الذکر داشته و روش از بین بردن آنها در انتهای دوره رشدشان، نیز بر کارایی آنها تاثیر گزار خواهند بود. اینرو این تحقیق با هدف بررسی کارایی چند گیاه پوششی در شرایط کشت خالص و مخلوط و همچنین روش از بین بردن آنها بر جمعیت علف‏های‏هرز و عملکرد علوفه ذرت (رقم سینگل کراس 444) انجام گرفت.
مواد و روشها: این آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل نوع گیاهان پوششی در هفت سطح: جو، خلر، ماشک، مخلوط جو+ ماشک، مخلوط جو+ خلر و شاهد بدون گیاه پوششی عاری از علف‌هرز و آلوده به علف‌هرز و روش از بین بردن آنها در انتهای فصل رشد در سه سطح سمپاشی با علف‌کش پاراکوات، کف بر کردن و قرار دادن بقایا بر سطح خاک و غلتک زدن در نظر گرفته شد. گیاه پوششی در اوایل بهمن ماه سال 1396 به صورت ردیفی در سه برابر تراکم توصیه شده کشت شدند. در اواسط اردیبهشت ماه (یک هفته قبل از کاشت ذرت) گیاهان پوششی مورد نظر بر اساس روش مدیریتی مورد نظر، تیمار و سپس ذرت به طور مستقیم درون بقایای گیاهان پوششی کشت شدند.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که کمترین ارتفاع، سطح برگ و ماده خشک و سرعت بسته شدن تاج پوشش در تیمارهای ماشک و خلر دیده شد؛ اما اختلاط این دو با جو، تاثیر قابل توجهی در افزایش فاکتورهای مذکور داشت. همچنین تیمارهای کشت مخلوط جو+ماشک و جو+خلر در دو حالت قطع‏کردن و غلتک‏زدن قادر به کنترل مطلوب علف‌های‏هرز در طی فصل رشد ذرت بودند. اما استفاده از علف‌کش اگرچه در مهار علف‌های هرز موفق بود، اما در حد و اندازه تیمارهای غلتک‏زدن و قطع‏کردن ظاهر نشد. اما تیمارهای کشت خالص ماشک و خلر به خصوص در شرایط مدیریت با علف‌کش، از کارایی پایینی در مهار علف‌های هرز برخوردار بود. بیشترین عملکرد علوفه‏تر ذرت در تیمارهای کشت مخلوط جو+ماشک و جو+خلر و مدیریت آنها با استفاده از روش غلتک زدن به ترتیب با 3278 و 3256 گرم در متر مربع به دست آمد.کمترین مقدار عملکرد علوفه نیز در تیمار شاهد بدون گیاه پوششی و آلوده به علف‌هرز (1884 گرم در متر مربع) به دست آمد که اختلاف معنی‌داری با کشت خالص خلر و ماشک تحت مدیریت آن بوسیله علف‌کش (به ترتیب با 2040 و 2082 گرم در متر مربع) نداشت.
نتیجه گیری: بنابراین می توان گفت استفاده از مخلوط گیاهان پوششی از خانواده های پوآسه و فاباسه به واسطه بهبود خصوصیات خاک، بستن سریع تاج‏پوشش، تولید ماده خشک بیشتر و کنترل موثر علف‌های‏هرز بر کشت خالص هر کدام از آنها ارجحیت دارد. همچنین روش بکار گرفته شده در از بین بردن گیاه پوششی از طریق تاثیر مستقیم بر دوام بقایای گیاه‏پوششی منجر به کنترل بهتر علف‌های‏هرز و افزایش عملکرد گیاه زراعی خواهد شد.بر این اساس غلتک‏زدن و قطع‏کردن مخلوط گیاهان پوششی جو+ماشک و جو+خلر به عنوان بهترین روش از بین بردن آنها معرفی می‏شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the efficiency of different cover crops and their elimination methods on weed populations and yield of maize forage (single-cross 444 variety)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mansoor Aghpour 1
  • Asiyeh Siyahmarguei 2
  • Ebrahim Zeinali 3
  • Javid Gherekhloo 3
  • Hossein Kazemi 3
1 Agronomy department, Plant production faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
2
3 Agronomy department, Plant production faculty, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Cultivation of cover crops at the planting date intervals of two main crops may serve as a suitable ecological approach for achieving objectives such as preventing expansion of weed populations, enhancing soil fertility, decreasing soil erosion and increasing yield of crops. Different cover crops have different potentials in fulfilling the noted objectives and their elimination method at the end of growth period also affects their efficiency. Thus, this research was conducted to investigate the efficiency of some cover crops as pure and mixed stand as well as their elimination method on weed population and maize (single-cross 444 variety) forage yield.
Material and Methods: This experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included cover crop type at 7 levels of barley, vetches, lathyrus, barley + vetches, barley+ lathyrus and weed-free and weed-infested controls and their elimination methods at the end of the growth period at three levels of spraying with paraquat herbicide, cutting and maintaining the residues on soil surface and rolling. Cover crops were sown at late January of 2017 as rows and at a rate three times more than that of recommended density. At early May of 2017 (a week before maize sowing), noted cover crops were treated according to desired management method and then maize was sown directly in residues of cover crops.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the lowest height, leaf area, dry matter and canopy closure rate was observed in lathyrus and vetches treatments, but mixture of these cover crops with barley significantly increased these values.Also, mixed stands of barley+lathyrus and barley+vetches in cutting and rolling treatments were able to optimally control the weeds during maize growth period. Although application of herbicide successfully controlled the weeds, but was not as good as cutting and rolling. Pure stands of lathyrus and vetches had a low efficiency in controlling the weeds under herbicide management conditions. The highest fresh forage yield of maize was obtained in barley+vetches and barley+lathyrus treatments and management by rolling, which were 3278 and 3256 g.m-2, respectively. The lowest fresh forage yield was obtained in weed infested cover crop-free treatment (1884 g.m-2) which had no significant difference with pure stands of lathyrus and vetches under herbicide application management (2040 and 2082 g.m-2, respectively). Thus, it may be stated that using mixed stands of cover crops from poaceae and fabaceae is preferable to their pure stands due to enhancement of soil characteristics, rapid canopy closure, higher dry matter production and efficient control of the weeds.
Conclusion: Also, the method implemented for elimination of cover crop may lead to better weed control and higher crop yield via its direct impact on longevity of cover crop residues. Thus, rolling and cutting of barley+lathyrus and barley+vetches mixed stand cover crops may be introduced as the best method for their elimination.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Longevity of cover crop residues
  • Poaceae
  • Canopy closure rate
  • Mixed stand
  • Fabaceae

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 13، شماره 1
خرداد 1399
صفحه 31-50

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