اثر کود فسفاته در شرایط تنش شوری بر سرنوشت کادمیم در گیاه و خصوصیات کیفی توتون

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان.

2 عضو هیات علمی-دانشگاه لرستان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: استفاده از کودهای فسفاته در زراعت توتون یک اقدام مهم جهت افزایش عملکرد گیاه به شمار می‌رود. از آنجا که کود سوپر فسفات تریپل حاوی مقدار کمی کادمیم است و فسفر موجود در کود و شوری آب و خاک بر تحرک وجذب این عنصر اثر گذار است، لذا تبیین دقیق مقدار جذب کادمیم توسط گیاه توتون در اثر کاربرد کود سوپر فسفات تریپل و شرایط مختلف تنش شوری آب آبیاری بر سرنوشت کادمیم جذب شده و دود استحصالی از آن از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. مقاومت توتون به شوری کلرید سدیم کمتر از 50 میلی مولار بود و شوری‌50 میلی مولار و بیشتر از آن سبب کاهش فتوسنتز و عملکرد گیاه توتون شد (48).
مواد و روش‌ها: این تحقیق با هدف بررسی برهمکنش سه عامل کود سوپر فسفات تریپل، شوری آب آبیاری و آلودگی کادمیم خاک بر وضعیت کادمیم گیاه و خصوصیات کیفی توتون در سال 1395 به صورت گلخانه ای در شهرستان بردسکن انجام شد. شوری آب آبیاری در سه سطح صفر، 20 و 40 میلی مولار NaCl، کود سوپر فسفات تریپل در دو سطح صفر و 5/1 گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک و آلودگی کادمیم اضافه شده به خاک، با دو سطح صفر و 12 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد. تجزیه داده‌ها توسط نرم افزار آماری SAS و مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آزمون توکی انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مصرف کود سوپر فسفات تریپل در خاک آلوده به کادمیم در شوری صفر، 20 و 40 میلی مولار، سبب افزایش غلظت کادمیم بخش هوایی گیاه توتون به ترتیب به مقدار 43/3، 94/4 و 33/4 برابر غلظت کادمیم ریشه شد و با افزایش شوری غلظت کادمیم در هر دو بخش ریشه و هوایی گیاه افزایش نشان داد. با افزایش شوری از صفر به 20 میلی مولار، غلظت کادمیم در دود توتون‌های رشد کرده در خاک آلوده به کادمیم نسبت به شوری صفر، 65 درصد افزایش نشان داد و با افزایش شوری از صفر به 40 میلی مولار، افزایش غلظت کادمیم در دود توتون به 2/83 درصد رسید. کاربرد کود سوپر فسفات تریپل در تمام سطوح شوری، اثر افزایشی بروزن خشک هوایی و ریشه، غلظت و مقدار کادمیم ریشه و بخش هوایی گیاه داشت.
نتیجه گیری: در شوری 40 میلی مولار آب آبیاری استفاده از کود سوپر فسفات تریپل سبب بیشترین غلظت کادمیم اندام‌های هوایی گیاه توتون نسبت به شاهد شد و اثر توام دو عامل شوری و کود بیشتر از اثر هرکدام به صورت جداگانه بود. در هر سه سطح شوری آب آبیاری، فاکتور گیاه پالایی، فاکتور انتقال و فاکتور اندوختگی در حضور کود سوپر فسفات تریپل افزایش یافت. بیشترین مقدار فاکتور گیاه پالایی با مقدار 71/1 در تیمار فاقد آلودگی کادمیم حاوی کود فسفاته و در شوری 20میلی مولار آب آبیاری مشاهده شد. با افزایش سطوح شوری، فاکتور اندوختگی روند افزایشی نشان داد ولی فاکتور گیاه پالایی تا شوری 20 میلی مولار افزایش و پس از آن روند کاهشی نشان داد. با افزایش شوری آب آبیاری از صفر به 20 میلی مولار NaCl، مقدار کادمیم بخش هوایی گیاهان رشد کرده در خاک آلوده به کادمیم، 7/33 درصد افزایش پیدا کرد ولی این مقدار افزایش برای شوری 40 میلی مولار برابر با 31/26 درصد بود. با افزایش شوری کلرید سدیم آب آبیاری تا 20 میلی مولار، مقدار کادمیم بخش هوایی گیاه توتون افزایش نشان داد. کاربرد کود سوپر فسفات تریپل در شوری‌های بالای آب آبیاری و خاک‌های آلوده به کادمیم، سبب جذب بیشتر کادمیم توسط گیاه توتون شد که در این شرایط آب و خاک، بایستی کود دهی محدود گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Phosphate fertilizer in salinity stress conditions on Cadmium fate in the plant and qualitative characteristics of tobacco

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Moslehi 1
  • Amir Moslehi 1
  • Hamidreza Eisvand 2
1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Iran.
2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction: The use of phosphate fertilizers in tobacco cultivation is an important step in increasing yield. Since Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) fertilizer has a low amount of cadmium(Cd), phosphorus of fertilizer and salinity of irrigation and soil have interaction effect on the mobility and absorption of this element, therefore the exact determination of the absorbed Cd by the tobacco plant is crucial due to the use of TSP Fertilizer and different irrigation salinity stresses on the fate of absorbed Cd by tobacco and its smoke. Tobacco resistance to the salinity of sodium chloride was under 50 mM, and the salinity of 50 mM and more, reduced the photosynthesis and yield of the tobacco plant.
Materials and Methods: This study was carried out to investigate the interaction of three factors of TSP, irrigation water salinity, and soil Cd contamination on the Cd in the plant and qualitative characteristics of tobacco in Bardaskan city, 2016 and in the greenhouse condition. Irrigation salinity was at 3 levels of 0, 20 and 40 mM of NaCl, TSP was at two levels of 0 and 1.5 g.kg-1 and soil Cd contamination were at two levels of 0 and 12 mg. kg-1 soil in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design experiment. Data were analyzed by SAS statistical software and Tukey test was used to compare the means.
Results and discussion: The results of this study showed that the use of TSP in Cd-contaminated soils at 0, 20 and 40 mM salinity levels, increased shoot Cd concentration of the tobacco plant by 3.43, 4.94 and 33.3, 4 times of root Cd concentration and by increasing the salinity, the concentration of Cd in both root and aerial parts of the plant increased. With the increase in salinity from zero to 20 mM, the concentration of Cd in the smoke of cultivated tobacco in contaminated soil with Cd increased by 65% compared to zero salinity. Increasing salinity from zero to 40 mM, increasing the concentration of Cd in smoke Tobacco reached 83.2%. The application of TSP at all salinity levels showed an increase in the dry matter and root growth, concentration and amount of root and shoot Cd.
Conclusion: In 40 mM irrigation water, TSP caused the highest shoot Cd concentration in tobacco plant compared to the control, and the combined effects of both salinity and TSP factors were more than each of them separately. In all three levels of irrigation salinity, RF, TF and EF increased in the presence of TSP. The highest RF amount was observed with 1.71% in Cd-contaminated soil without TSP and in salinity of 20 mM irrigation water. As the salinity levels increased, EF increased, but the RF increased to 20 mM, and then the decrease was observed. With increasing salinity of irrigation water from 0 to 20 mM NaCl, Cd content of plants grown in Cd-contaminated soils increased by 33.7%, but this increase for 40 mM was 26.31%. With increasing sodium chloride irrigation up to 20 mM, Cd content of the tobacco plant increased. The application of TSP in high salinity of irrigated water and Cd-contaminated soils caused more Cd absorption by tobacco plants, so in which soil and water conditions, fertilization should be restricted.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • NaCl
  • Remediation Factor
  • Soil contamination
  • Triple Super Phosphate Fertilizer

مراجع

  1. Amer, K.H. 2010. Corn crop response under managing different irrigation and
    salinity levels. Agric. Water Manag. 97: 1553-1563.
  2. Angelino, G., Ascione, S., and Ruggiero, C. 2003. Growth and Water Relations of Sun-cured Tobacco Irrigated with Saline Water. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Res. 20(6): 394-401.
  3. Application Bulletin 314 e. Determination of total phosphate in phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilizers with 859 Titrotherm.

Bhattacharyya, M.H. 2009. Cadmium osteotoxicity in experimental animals: mechanisms and relationship to human exposures. Toxicol.Appl. Pharmacol. 238: 258-265.

  1. Bingham, F.T., Strong, J.E., and Sposito, G. 1983. Influence of chloride salinity on cadmiumuptake by Swiss chard. Soil Sci. 135:160-165.
  2. Caruso, R.V., O’Connor, R.J., Stephens, W.E., Cummings, K.M., and Fong, G.T. 2014. Toxic metal concentrations in cigarettes obtained from U.S. smokers in 2009: results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States survey cohort, Int. Environ. Res. Publ. Health. 11: 202-217.
  3. Clemente, R., Walker, D.J., and Bernal, M.P. 2005. Uptake of heavy metals and as by Brassica juncea grown in a contaminated soil in Aznalcollar Spain: the effect of soil amendments. Environ Pollut. 138: 1. 46-58.
  4. Filipović, L., Romić, M., Romić, D., Filipović, V., and Ondrašek G. 2018. Organic matter and salinity modify cadmium soil (phyto) availability Ecotoxical. Environ. Saf. 147: 824-831.
  5. Gee, G.W., and Bauder, J.W. 1986. Particle size analysis, hydrometer method. P.404-408. In A. Klute et al. (eds) Methods of soil analysis, part1. 3rd Ed. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison. WI.
  6. Gorinova, N., Nedkovska, M., Todorovska, E., Simova-Stoilova, L., Stoyanova, Z., Georgieva, K., Demirevska-Kepova, K., Atanassov, A., and Herzig, R. 2007. Improved phytoaccumulation of cadmium by genetically modified tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Physiological and biochemical response of the transformants to cadmium toxicity. Environ. Pollut. 145: 161-170.
  7. Grant, C.A. 2011. Influence of phosphate fertilizer on cadmium in agricultural soils and crops. Pedologist / Pedorojisuto (Tokyo), 54: 143-155.
  8. Guo, J., Leia, M., Yanga, J., Yanga, J., Wana, X., Chena, T., Zhoua, X., Gua, S., and Guo, G. 2017. Effect of fertilizers on the Cd uptake of two sedum species (Sedumspectabile Boreau and Sedum aizoon L.) as potential Cd accumulators. Ecol. Eng. 106: 409-414.
  9. Gupta, A.K. and Sinha, S. 2007. Assessment of single extraction methods for the prediction of bioavailability of metals to Brassica juncea L. Czern. (var. Vaibhav) grown on tannery waste contaminated soil. J. Hazard Mater. 149: 1. 144-150.
  10. Hu, Y., Vanhaecke, F., Moens, L., Dams, R., del Castilho, P., and Japenga, J. 1998. Determination of the aqua regia soluble content of rare earth elements in fertilizer, animal fodder phosphate and manure samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta. 373: 95-105.
  11. Janouskova, M., Vosatka, M., Rossi, L. and Lugon-Moulin, N. 2007. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on cadmium accumulation by different tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) types. Appl Soil Ecol. 35: 502-510.
  12. Järup, L. and Akesson, A. 2009. Current status of cadmium as an environmental health problem. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 238: 201-208.
  13. Khoshgoftar, A.H., Shariatmadari, H., Karimian, N., Kalbasi, M., van der Zee, S.E.A.T.M., and Parker, D.R. 2004. Salinity and zinc application effects on phytoavailability of cadmium and zinc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68: 1885-1889.
  14. Kirkham, M.B. 2000. EDTA-facilitated phytoremediation of soil with heavy metals from sewage sludge. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 2: 159-172.
  15. Lefèvrea, I., Marchala, G., Meertsb, P., Corréalc, E., and Luttsa, S. 2009. Chloride salinity reduces cadmium accumulation by the Mediterranean halophyte species Atriplex halimus L. Environ. Exp. Bot. 65: 142-152.
  16. Li, Q.S., Chen, X.J., Luo, X., Cui, Z.H., Shi, L., Wang, L.L., and Liu, Y.N. 2012. Phytoavailability of heavy metals in tidal flat soils after fresh water leaching. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 79: 22-27.
  17. Lindsay, W.L., and Norvell, W.A. 1987. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron,manganese, and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 421-428.
  18. Liu, H., Wang, H., Ma, Y., Wang, H., and Shi Y. 2016. Role of transpiration and metabolism in translocation and accumulation of Cd in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tobacco). Chemosphere. 144: 1960-1965.
  19. Liu, Z., Ge, H., Li, C., Zhao, Z., Song, F. and Hu, S. 2015. Enhanced Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soil by Plant Co-Cropping Associated with PGPR. Water Air Soil Pollut. 226:29.
  20. Mani, D., Kumar, C., and Patel, N.K. 2016. Integrated micro-biochemical approach for phytoremediation of cadmium and lead contaminated soils using Gladiolus grandiflorus L. cut flower. Ecotoxical. Environ. Saf. 124: 435-446.
  21. Mar, S.S., Okazaki, M., and Motobayashi, T. 2012. The influence of phosphate fertilizer application levels and cultivars on cadmium uptake by Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis). Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 58: 492-502.
  22. McLaughlin, M.J., and Singh, B.R.E. 1999. “Cadmium in Soils and Plants”. Kluwer AcademicPublishers, Dordrecht.
  23. McLaughlin, M.J., Palmer, L.T., Tiller, K.G., Beech, T.A., and Smart, M.K. 1994. Soil salinity causes elevated cadmium concentrations in field-grown potato tubers. J. Environ. Qual. 23: 1013-1018.
  24. McLaughlin, M.J., Tiller, K.G., Naidu, R. and Stevens, D.P. 1996. Review: the behavior and environmental impact of contaminants in fertilizers. Aust. J. Soil Res. 34: 1-54.
  25. Mühling, K.H., and Läuchli, A. 2003. Interaction of NaCl and Cd stress on compartmentation pattern of captions, antioxydant enzymes and protein in leaves of two wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Plant Soil. 253: 219-231.
  26. Munns, R. 2002. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ. 25: 239-250.
  27. Murty, K.S.N., Tjell, J.C., and Gopalachari, N.C. 1986. Lead and cadmium content of Indian flue cured tobacco. Plant Soil. 95: 281-284.
  28. Nelson, R.E. 1982. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Page AL(ed) Method of soil analysis. Part2, 2nd ed. Agro. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison.181-197.
  29. Norvell, W.A., Wu, J., Hopkins, D.G., and Welch, R.M. 2007. Association of cadmium in durum wheat grain with soil chloride and chelate-extractable soil cadmium. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64: 2162-2168.
  30. Olsen., S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., and Dean, L.A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA. Circ. 939. U.S. Gov. Print office, Washington D.C.
  31. Pappas, R.S. 2011. Toxic elements in tobacco and in cigarette smoke: inflammation and sensitization Metalloids. 3: 1181-1198.
  32. Peris, M., Mico, C., Recatala, L., Sanchez, R., and Sanchez, J. 2007. Heavy metal contents in horticultural crops of a representative area of the European Mediterranean region. Sci. Total Environ. 378: 42-48.
  33. Piade, J.J., Jaccard, G., Dolka, C., Belushkin, M., and Wajrock, S. 2015. Differences in cadmium transfer from tobacco to cigarette smoke, compared to arsenic or lead. Toxicol. Rep. 2: 12-26.
  34. Pinto, E., Cruz, M., Ramos, P., Santos, A., and Almeida, A. 2017. Metals transfer from tobacco to cigarette smoke: Evidences in smokers’ lung tissue. J Hazard Mater. 325: 31-35.
  35. Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. P.417-436. in D.  L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Method of Soil Analysis. PartIII. 3rd Ed. Am. Soc. Agron., Medison. WI.
  36. Roberts, T.L. 2014. Cadmium and Phosphorous Fertilizers: The Issues and the Science. Procedia Engineer. 83:52-59.
  37. Rosen, K., Eriksson, J., and Vinichuk, M. 2012. Uptake and translocation of 109Cd and stable Cd within tobacco plants (Nicotiana sylvestris). J. Environ. Radio Activ. 113: 16-20.
  38. Satarug, S., Garrett, S.H., Sens, M.A., and Sens, D.A. 2010. Cadmium, environ-mental exposure and health outcomes. Environ. Health Perspect.118: 182-190.
  39. Sato, J.H., Célio de Figueiredo, C., Marchão, R.L., Madari, B.E., Benedito, L.E.C., Busato, J.G., and Mendes de Souza, D. 2014. Methods of soil organic carbon determination in Brazilian savannah soils. Sci. Agric. 71: 4. 302-308.
  40. Sifola, M.I., and Rouphael, Y. 2015. The influence of drip or furrow irrigation on yield and quality of Burley tobacco under saline conditions. Aust.J. Crop Sci. AJCS 9: 12. 1173-1181.
  41. Sujita, M., Izonu, T., Tatemichi, M., and Otahara, Y. 2001. Cadmium Absorption from Smoking Cigarettes: Calculation Using Recent Findings from Japan. Environ, Health Prev. 6: 154-159.
  42. Sumner, M.E., and Miller, W.P. 1996. Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable coefficients. P.1201-1229. In D. Ed. Am. Soc. Agro., Medison, WI.
  43. Sun, Y., Zhou, Q., An, J., Liu, W., and Liu, R. 2009. Chelator-enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil irrigated by industrial wastewater with the hyper accumulator plant (Sedum alfredii Hance). Geoderma. 150: 106-112.
  44. Suwa, R., Nguyen, N.T., Saneoka, H., Moghaib, R., and Fujita, K. 2006. Effect of salinity stress on photosynthesis and vegetative sink in tobacco plants. Soil Sci. Plant Nut.52: 243-250.
  45. Thévenod, F., and Lee, W.K. 2013. Toxicology of cadmium and its damage to mammalian organs. Met. Ions Life Sci. 11: 415-490.
  46. Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil activity. P. 475-490. In D.L. Sparks et al. (ed.) Method of soil analysis. PartIII. 3rd Ed. Am. Soc. Agron. Medison WI.
  47. Usman, A.R.A., Kuzyakov, Y., and Stahr, K. 2005. Effect of immobilizing substances and salinity on heavy metals availability to wheat grown on sewage sludge contaminated soil. Soil Sediment Contam. 14: 329-344.
  48. Waterlot, C., Pruvot, C., Marot, F., and Douay, F. 2017. Impact of a phosphate amendment on the environmental availability and phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in moderately and highly carbonated kitchen garden soils. Pedosphere. 27: 3. 588-605.
  49. Weggler-Beaton, K., McLaughlin, M.J., and Graham, R.D. 2000. Salinity increases cadmiumuptake by wheat and Swiss chard from soil amended with biosolids. Aust.J. Soil Res. 38: 37-45.
  50. World Health Organization (WHO). 1992. Environmental health criteria 143. Cadmium international program on chemical safety (IPCS) monograph.
  51. World Health Organization (WHO). 2010. Exposure to Cadmium: A Major Public Health Concern. World Health Organization http://www.who.int/ipcs /features /cadmium.pdf.
  52. Yoshihara, T., Suzui, N., Ishii, S., Kitazaki, M., Yamazaki, H., and Kitazaki, K. 2014. A kinetic analysis of cadmium accumulation in a Cd hyper-accumulator fern, Athyrium yokoscense and tobacco plants. Plant Cell Environ. 37:1086-1096.
  53. Yu, Y., Wan, Y., Wang, Q., and Huafen, L. 2017. Effect of humic acid-based amendments with foliar application of Zn and Se on Cd accumulation in tobacco. Ecotoxical. Environ. Saf. 138: 286-291.
  54. Zhang, B., Shang, S., Jabben Z., and Zhang, G. 2014b. Sodium chloride alleviates cadmium toxicity by reducing nitric oxide accumulation in tobacco. Ecotoxical. Environ. Saf. 110: 56-60.
  55. Zhang, B., Shang, S., Jabeen, Z., and Zhang, G. 2014a. Involvement of ethylene in alleviation of Cd toxicity by NaCl in tobacco plants. Ecotoxical. Environ. Saf. 101: 64-69.
  56. Zhang, B., Shang, S., Jazza, B., and Zhang, G. 2013. Sodium chloride enhances cadmium tolerance through reducing cadmium accumulation and increasing antioxidative enzyme activity in tobacco. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32: 1420-1425.
  57. Zhang, H., Gue, Q., Yang, G., Ma, J., Chen, G., Chen, T., Zhu, T., Wang, J., Zhang, G., Wang, X., and Shao, C. 2016.  Comparison of chelates for enhancing Ricinus communis L. phytoremediation of Cd and Pb contaminated soil. Ecotoxical. Environ. Saf. 133: 57-62.
  58. Zhu, J. 2001. Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 6: 2. 66-71.
مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 12، شماره 2
شهریور 1398
صفحه 89-106

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار