تأثیر مدیریت تلفیقی حاصلخیزکننده‌های آلی و شیمیایی بر عملکرد، روغن و اسانس گیاه دارویی سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.) در رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 پیام نور

2 عضو هیات علمی بخش کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور اصفهان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کمبود آب یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل کاهش تولید محصولات کشاورزی در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک دنیا می‌باشد. ﺑﺨﺶ زﯾﺎدی از اراﺿﯽ ﮐﺸﺎورزی اﯾﺮان ﻧﯿﺰ ﺟﺰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﮏ و ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺧﺸﮏ اﺳﺖ و ﮐﻤﺒﻮد ﺷﺪﯾﺪ آب ﮐﺸﺎورزی اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ را ﺗﻬﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽ‌ﮐﻨﺪ. منابع آلی در تلفیق با کودهای شیمیایی می‌توانند به حاصلخیزی خاک و افزایش تولید محصول منجر شوند، زیرا این سیستم اکثر نیازهای غذایی گیاه را تأمین کرده و کارآیی جذب مواد غذایی توسط محصول را نیز افزایش می‌دهد. بنابراین بررسی تأثیر سیستم‌های مختلف آلی، شیمیایی و تلفیقی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاهان دارویی از جمله سیاهدانه (Nigella sativa L.) ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ضروری به‌نظر می‌رسد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش حاضر به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مرکز تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی استان اصفهان در سال زراعی 1396 اجرا شد. تیمارهای این آزمایش شامل رژیم آبیاری بر اساس 50، 75 و 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی (300 میلی‌لیتر در حالت ظرفیت مزرعه)، به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و منبع کودی شامل شاهد (بدون کود)، ورمی‌کمپوست (10 تن در هکتار)، کود شیمیایی (N80P40K30) و تلفیق ورمی‌کمپوست + کود شیمیایی به‌عنوان عامل فرعی بود. در این آزمایش صفات مورد مطالعه شامل ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺑﻮﺗﻪ، ﺗﻌﺪاد شاخه فرعی در بوته، تعداد ﻓﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﻝ در بوته، تعداد دانه در ﻓﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﻝ، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد بذر، عملکرد بیولوژیک، درصد و عملکرد اسانس، درصد و عملکرد روغن بود.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد ﻓﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﻝ در بوته، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد اسانس، درصد روغن و عملکرد روغن در سطح احتمال یک درصد و شاخص برداشت، درصد اسانس، تعداد دانه در ﻓﻮﻟﻴﻜﻮﻝ در سطح احتمال پنج درصد تحت تأثیر معنی‌دار سطوح مختلف خشکی قرار گرفتند. صفات مذکور با افزایش شدت تنش خشکی از 90 به 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی کاهش معنی‌داری نشان دادند. نوع کود مصرفی نیز بر تمامی صفات به‌جز درصد اسانس و درصد روغن اثر معنی‌داری داشت. بیشترین مقدار عملکرد دانه (7/655 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، شاخص برداشت (61/32 درصد)، عملکرد روغن (7/176 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد اسانس (2/8 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار تلفیق ورمی‌کمپوست+کود شیمیایی بدست آمد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس اثر متقابل بین منبع کودی و سطوح مختلف خشکی بر تعداد شاخه فرعی، عملکرد بذر، عملکرد اسانس و عملکرد روغن معنی‌دار بود. بیشترین تعداد شاخه فرعی (44)، عملکرد بذر (5/816 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، عملکرد روغن (7/186 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و اسانس (3/10 کیلوگرم در هکتار) با کاربرد کود تلفیق ورمی‌کمپوست+ کود شیمیایی در تیمار آبیاری با 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی حاصل شد که با کاهش میزان آب آبیاری به 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی به ترتیب به میزان 24، 42، 25 و 40 درصد کاهش یافت. در تیمارهای آبیاری در سطوح 70 و 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی، عملکرد بذر، عملکرد اسانس و تعداد شاخه فرعی در شرایط مصرف کود ورمی-کمپوست به‌تنهایی با تلفیق ورمی‌کمپوست+کود شیمیاییتفاوت معنی‌داری را نشان نداد.
نتیجه‌گیری: به طور کلی نتایج نشان داد که مصرف تلفیقی ورمی‌کمپوست+کود شیمیایی نسبت به بقیه تیمارهای کودی هم در شرایط تنش و هم در شرایط عدم تنش بیشترین تأثیر را در عملکرد کمی و کیفی سیاهدانه داشته است. کود ورمی‌کمپوست با بهبود ساختمان فیزیکی، برقراری تعادل در بخش شیمیایی و افزایش ظرفیت نگهداری رطوبت در خاک در شرایط تنش خشکی تا حدی نیاز آبی و همچنین نیاز غذایی گیاه را فراهم می‌کنند. همچنین کود شیمیایی از طریق تأمین نیازهای غذایی سیاهدانه در جهت ایجاد مقاومت به خشکی نقش‌های اساسی ایفا کرد. با این حال در شرایط تنش خشکی، کود ورمی‌کمپوست نیز در بسیاری صفات با تلفیق ورمی‌کمپوست+کود شیمیایی برابری می‌کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of integrated management of organic and chemical fertilization on yield, oil, and essential oil of Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in different irrigation regimes

نویسندگان [English]

  • hamid dehghanzadeh 1
  • zohrab adavi 2
1 pnu
2 pnu
چکیده [English]

Background and Purpose: Lack of water is one of the main factors in the reduction of agricultural production at arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Most of the agricultural land of Iran was located in arid and semi-arid area and severe water deficit threaten the agriculture of these areas. Accordingly, any strategy to reduce the effects of drought on crop yields is necessary. Organic sourceses in combined with chemical fertilizer can lead to soil fertility and increase crop production. Thus it seems necessary investigate the effect of different nutritional systems (Organic, chemical and integrated) and drought stress on yield and yield components of Black cumin.
Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out as a split-plot based on randomized completely block design with three replications in Agricultural Education and Medicinal Plant Research Center of Isfahan province during 2017. Treatments included drought stress at 90, 70 and 50% field capacity (FC), as the main source and fertilizer source including control (no fertilizer), vermicompost (10 t ha-1(, chemical fertilizer (N80P40K30) and integration of vermicompost + chemical fertilizer served as the subplot. This experiment, traits were plant height, number of branches per plant, number of follicles per plant, number of seeds per follicle, 1000 seed weight, grain yield, biological yield, essential oil content, essential oil yield, oil percentage and oil yield were evaluated.
Results: The results showed that plant height, number of lateral branches, number of follicles per plant, grain yield, biological yield, essential oil yield, oil percentage and oil yield at 1% probability level, harvest index, essential oil percentage, number of seeds per follicle at the probability level of five percentages were significantly affected by different levels of dryness. The mentioned traits showed a significant decrease with increasing drought from 90 to 50% of crop capacity. The type of fertilizer had a significant effect on all traits except essential oil percentage and oil content. The highest grain yield (648.8 kg ha-1), harvest index (32.72%), oil yield (177.1 kg ha-1) and essential oil yield (3.8 kg ha-1) in vermicompost + fertilizer combination Was obtained. The results of analysis of variance of the interaction between fertilizer source and different levels of dryness on the number of branches, grain yield, essential oil yield and oil yield were significant. The highest number of branches (44), grain yield (817.3 kg ha-1), oil yield (189.3 kg ha-1) and essential oil (10.3 kg ha-1), using vermicompost + fertilizer combination fertilizer in Irrigation treatments with 90% FC were reduced by decreasing irrigation water by 50% FC by 25, 42, 25 and 40%, respectively. In irrigation treatments at 70 and 50% level, grain yield, essential oil yield and number of lateral branches in vermicompost alone were not significantly different with vermicompost + chemical fertilizer.
Conclusion: In general, the results showed that the combined consumption of vermicompost + fertilizer had the most effect on the quantitative and qualitative yield of Black cumin compared to other fertilizer treatments under both stress and non stress conditions. Vermicompost fertilizer improves the water requirement as well as the nutritional requirements of the plant by improving the physical structure, maintaining the balance in the chemical sector, and increasing the moisture storage capacity in the soil under drought stress conditions. Also, chemical fertilizers played a major role in providing the nutritional needs of black currant to create drought resistance. However, in drought stress conditions, vermicompost fertilizer in many traits was also equal to the combination of vermicompost + chemical fertilizer. Therefore, it seems that in such a situation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Essential oils
  • Irrigation regimes
  • Vermicompost
  • Sustainable agriculture

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 12، شماره 1
خرداد 1398
صفحه 161-189

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