اثر کمبود آب و تلقیح با ریزموجودات همزیست بر صفات فنولوژیک، مورفولوژیک، زراعی و خصوصیات کیفی سویا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 عضو هیات علمی/ دانشگاه گنبد کاووس

2 کارشناسی ارشد آگرواکولوژی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس

3 دانشیار، گروه علمی علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران

4 استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: تنش خشکی یکی از عوامل مهم غیرزیستی است که رشد و عملکرد گیاه را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. زراعت سویا در اغلب کشورهای دنیا به‎منظور تولید روغن، پروتئین‌های گیاهی و علوفه صورت می‌گیرد. در نظام‌های کشاورزی پایدار کاربرد کودهای زیستی از اهمّیت ویژه‌ای در افزایش تولید محصول و حاصلخیزی خاک برخوردار است. قارچ‌های میکوریزا با ایجاد رابطه همزیستی با ریشه گیاهان از طریق افزایش جذب آب، افزایش مقاومت در برابر تنش‌های زنده (عوامل بیماریزا) و غیرزنده (خشکی و شوری) سبب بهبود رشد و نمو و عملکرد گیاهان می‌شوند. لذا این تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثرات کمبود آب بر صفات مهم زراعی، عملکرد دانه و شاخص برداشت روغن و پروتئین دانه سویا رقم کوثر تحت شرایط تلقیح میکوریزا آربوسکولار و باکتری ریزوبیوم در ارومیه انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در سال زراعی 1396 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی هنرستان کشاورزی شهرستان ارومیه به‌صورت طرح اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. عامل اصلی آبیاری در سه سطح شامل آبیاری مطلوب (آبیاری بعد از 70 میلی‌متر تبخیر)، تنش ملایم خشکی (آبیاری بعد از 110 میلی‌متر تبخیر) و تنش شدید خشکی (آبیاری بعد از 150 میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A)، عامل‌های فرعی قارچ میکوریزا در سه سطح شامل بدون میکوریزا، گونه Glomus mosseae و گونه Glomus intraradices و باکتری ریزوبیوم در دو سطح شامل عدم تلقیح و تلقیح با باکتری Rhizobium japonicum بود.
یافته‌ها: در شرایط تنش خشکی شدید در مقایسه با شرایط آبیاری مطلوب، میزان شاخص سطح برگ، قطر ساقه، ارتفاع بوته و عملکرد دانه به ترتیب به میزان 60، 31، 11 و 22 درصد کاهش یافت. در هرسه شرایط مختلف آبیاری، تلقیح با قارچ میکوریزا گونه Glomus mosseae و گونه Glomus intraradices در مقایسه با عدم تلقیح، ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، شاخص برداشت روغن و پروتئین، شاخص سطح برگ و عملکرد دانه را افزایش داد اما میزان پرولین را کاهش داد. در شرایط آبیاری مطلوب، تنش خشکی ملایم و شدید، تلقیح با باکتری در مقایسه با عدم تلقیح با باکتری، عملکرد دانه را به‌ترتیب 17، 19 و 17 درصد افزایش داد. تلقیح با قارچ گونه Glomus mosseae و گونه Glomus intraradices در مقایسه با عدم تلقیح میکوریزا، عملکرد دانه را به‌ترتیب 13 و 8 درصد افزایش داد. بیشترین درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه از قارچ نوع گونه Glomus mosseae (80/48 درصد) حاصل شد. تلقیح با باکتری در مقایسه با عدم تلقیح، درصد کلونیزاسیون ریشه را حدود 17 درصد افزایش داد. تلقیح با باکتری در مقایسه با عدم تلقیح، درصد نیتروژن را حدود 8 درصد افزایش داد. تنش خشکی ملایم درصد نیتروژن دانه را افزایش داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: تنش خشکی، صفات فنولوژیک مانند طول دوره رشد و زمان تا شروع دوره گلدهی، صفات موفولوژیک مانند قطر ساقه، طول غلاف و ارتفاع بوته، صفات کیفی مانند درصد و عملکرد نیتروژن، شاخص برداشت روغن، صفات فیزیولوژیک مانند شاخص سطح برگ، عملکرد دانه و کلونیزاسیون ریشه گیاه سویا رقم کوثر را به طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد در حالی که موجب افزایش پرولین گردید. تلقیح با قارچ میکوریزا به ویژه G. mosseae و تلقیح با باکتری ریزوبیومی از طریق افزایش دسترسی گیاه به آب و عناصر غذایی توانست موجب افزایش کلیه صفات مورد مطالعه شود. همچنین حضور این ریزجانداران در هر سه شرایط آبیاری، پرولین را کاهش و در نهایت عملکرد دانه را افزایش داد. بنابراین می‌توان با تلقیح قارچ میکوریزا به‌ویژه G. mosseae و باکتری Rhizobium japonicum شرایط را برای بدست آوردن حداکثر عملکرد کمی و کیفی در گیاه سویا در شرایط مختلف رطوبتی فراهم کرد تا علاوه بر کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی، مصرف کودهای شیمیایی را نیز کاهش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of water deficit and inoculation with symbiotic micro-organisms on traits of phenological, morphological, agronomic and qualitative properties in soybean

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Nakhzari Moghaddam 1
  • naser samsami 2
  • Esmaeil Gholinezhad 3
  • Ali Rahemi Karizaki 4
1 Assistant professor, Department of agronomy, Gonbad Kavous University
2 Student of Agro-ecology, Gonbad Kavous University
3 Associate professor, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
4 Assistant professor, Department of agronomy, Gonbad Kavous University
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Introduction: Drought stress is one of the important factors of abiotic stress that affects plant growth and yield. Soybean crops are used in most parts of the world to produce oils, vegetable proteins and forages. In sustainable agricultural systems, the use of biofertilizers is of particular importance in increasing plant production and soil fertility. Fungi improve the growth, development and function of host plants in agricultural systems by creating a symbiotic relationship with plant roots by increasing water absorption, increasing resistance to live stress (pathogenic) and abiotic (drought and salinity) stresses. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of water deficit on important crop characteristics, seed yield and oil and protein harvest index of soybean cultivar Kosar under conditions of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal and rhizobium bacteria in Urmia.
Material and Methods: Experiment was conducted as factorial split plot based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at Research Farm of Agricultural highschool of Urmia during 2017. The main factor was three levels of irrigation (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation), moderate stress (irrigation after 110 mm evaporation) and severe drought stress (irrigation after 150 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan), subplots were including mycorrhizal fungus in three levels of none inoculation, Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and Risobium bacteria in two levels, none inoculationand inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum..
Results and Discussion:. In severe drought stress compared to optimum irrigation conditions, leaf area index, stem diameter, plant height and seed yield were significantly decreased 60, 31, 11 and 22 percent, respectively. In all irrigation conditions, inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae and G. intraradices in comparison to non-inoculation, plant height, stem diameter, oil and protein harvest index, leaf area index and seed yield increased, but reduced proline. In optimum irrigation, mild and severe drought stress conditions, inoculation with bacteria in comparison to non-inoculation with bacteria, increased seed yield about 17, 19 and 17 percent, respectively. Inoculation with G. mosseae and G. intraradices in comparison to non-inoculation of mycorrhiza increased seed yield about 13% and 8%, respectively. The highest percentage of root colonization was obtained from G. mosseae (48.80). Inoculation with bacteria compared to non-inoculation increased the percentage of root colonization about 17%. Inoculation with bacteria compared to non-inoculation increased the nitrogen percentage about 8%. Moderate drought stress led to increase nitrogen content.
Conclusion: Drought stress was decreased significantly phenological traits such as growth period and time to flowering, morphological traits such as stem diameter, pod length and plant height, qualitative traits such as nitrogen percentage and yield, oil harvest index, physiological traits such as leaf area index, seed yield and root colonization of Kowsar cultivar, while led to increase the proline content. Inoculation with Mycorrhiza fungus especially Glomus mosseae and inoculation with Rhizobium increased the access to water and nutrients and increased all traits in this study. It also reduced proline in all three irrigation conditions and ultimately increased seed yield. Thus, by inoculation of mycorrhiza fungi, in particular G. mosseae and Rhizobium japonicum bacteria, it was possible to obtain suitable conditions for obtaining maximum quantitative and qualitative yield in soybean plants under different moisture conditions. in addition to reducing the effects of drought stress, also reduced the use of chemical fertilizers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Bacterium"
  • "Leaf area index"
  • "Mycorrhiza"
  • "Protein"
  • "Seed yield"

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 12، شماره 1
خرداد 1398
صفحه 111-128

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