Effect of drought stress and different amounts of biochar on yield and yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 PhD student in Crop Plant Physiology, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,

2 Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Background and Objectives:
Water scarcity and recurrent droughts pose significant challenges to agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. Utilizing resilient crops, such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), and soil amendments like biochar are effective strategies to sustain agricultural productivity. Quinoa, known for its drought and salinity tolerance and high nutritional value, is a strategic crop for such regions. Additionally, biochar, as a soil amendment, improves soil physical and chemical properties, water retention, and mitigates the effects of deficit irrigation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pistachio shell biochar and deficit irrigation at different growth stages on yield, yield components, and grain quality of quinoa.
Materials and Methods:
This experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design with four replications in 2022 at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad research greenhouse. Treatments included five irrigation levels (full irrigation and 50% field capacity during vegetative, flowering, grain filling, and the entire growth period) and three biochar levels (0, 10, and 20 t.h-1). Parameters such as plant height, grain weight per pot, biological weight per pot, thousand-grain weight, and grain quality traits (protein, oil, and ash content) were measured.
Results:
Full-season deficit irrigation reduced grain weight per pot by 60% and plant height by 25.9%. Yield reductions at deficit irrigation during vegetative, flowering, and grain filling stages were 14.5%, 25.3%, and 17.8%, respectively. Additionally, plant height decreased by 11.7% and 23.5% at deficit irrigation during flowering and grain filling stages, respectively. Biochar application mitigated these negative effects, increasing plant height by 18.7% and 23.5% at 10 and 20 t/h, respectively. In addition to improving height, biochar application also significantly increased grain weight per pot by 28.8% and 54.8% at 10 and 20 t/h. Also, 10 and 20 t/h of biochar resulted in an increase of 7.9% and 2.6% (grain protein) and 20.8% and 7.3% (grain oil). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between grain weight per pot with biological weight per pot (r=0.87), grain oil (r=0.69) and ash content (r=0.66).
Conclusion:
Pistachio shell biochar effectively reduced the negative effects of deficit irrigation on plant height, yield, and grain quality. The improvement in grain weight and quality of quinoa highlights biochar’s potential as a sustainable strategy for water resource management and crop production under drought conditions. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term and field-scale impacts of biochar on soil properties and quinoa growth in arid regions.

Keywords

Main Subjects

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Journal of Crop Production
Volume 18, Issue 1
March 2025
Pages 91-112

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