Physiologic and agronomic response of grain sorghum cultivars to drought stress and mycorrhizal fungus in summer cropping

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Khorramabad branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.

2 Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Khorramabad, Iran.

Abstract

Background and purpose: sorghum is the fifth most important grain in the world and is the main food of more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries. This plant has been introduced as a good substitute for corn in water shortage conditions; Because it has a higher tolerance to drought. On the other hand, choosing a variety adapted to the region and with greater tolerance to drought helps to increase production and reduce water consumption. Also, the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through the development of the root system, improving the absorption and transfer of nutrients and the production of metabolites and plant hormones has an important role in increasing the tolerance of plants to drought and on quantitative, qualitative, The growth and performance of agricultural plants has a positive effect. Considering the reduction of atmospheric precipitation in Iran and as a result of the water crisis in the country, the need for irrigation water management, especially in the agricultural sector, which is considered to be the main consumer of water, is of considerable importance. On the other hand, due to the fact that mycorrhizal fungi help the crop to absorb water, the above experiment aims to investigate the use of mycorrhiza in reducing the effects of drought stress on the yield and morphophysiological characteristics of three varieties of grain sorghum in moderate weather conditions. Kouhdash Lorestan was done.

Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out in the summer of 2015 and 2016 in Kohdasht city of Lorestan in the form of split-plot-factorial split-plot design with four replications. The main factor includes three irrigation regimes after 80 (control), 120 and 160 mm cumulative evaporation from the class A evaporation pan and sub-factors include mycorrhizal biological fertilizer in two levels of application and non-application of fertilizer and three grain sorghum varieties including Kimia, Payam. and Sepideh were the levels of the factors.

Findings: The results showed that the morphophysiological characteristics of sorghum such as leaf area index, spike length, number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased significantly with the increase in the intensity of drought stress. The highest seed yield was obtained under normal irrigation conditions and this trait decreased significantly under severe drought stress conditions. The comparison of the average of the simple effect of the factors showed that the application of mycorrhiza produced the highest seed yield and among the cultivars, Sepideh cultivar was the best and Payam cultivar had the lowest seed yield. The trend of changes in grain yield and leaf proline content with the increase in drought stress followed a significant linear relationship, negative and positive, respectively.

Conclusion: In total, the Sepideh variety with the use of mycorrhiza in the irrigation regime after 120 mm of evaporation without significant difference while producing the most desirable grain yield saves irrigation water can be recommended for the region.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Jabereldar, A. A., El Naim, A. M., Abdalla, A. A. and Dagash, Y. M. 2017. Effect of Water Stress on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in Semi-Arid Environment. Int J Agric Forest. 7: 1. 1-6.
  2. Amirabadi, M., Ardakani, M.R., Rejali, F. and Borji, M. 2010. Effects of Azotobacter chroococcum and mycorrhizal Fungus along with different levels of phosphorus on qualitative and morphological characteristics of forage maize (KSC 704). Ir J Soil Water Res. 41: 1. 49-56.
  3. El Naim A.M., Baldu, M.A.M. and Zaied, M.M.B. 2012. Effect of tillage depth and pattern on growth and yield of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench) under rain-fed. J Nov Appl Sci. 1: 3. 68-73.
  4. Menezes, C.B., Saldanha, D.C., Santos, C.V., Andrade, L.C., Mingote Júlio, M.P., Portugal, A.F. and Tardin, F.D. 2015. Evaluation of grain yield in sorghum hybrids under water stress. Genet Mol Res. 14: 4. 12675-12683.
  5. Amjad Ali, M., Abbas, A., Niaz, S., Zulkiffal, M. and Ali, S. 2009. Morphophysiological criteria for drought tolerance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at seedling and post-anthesis Ssages. Int J Agric Biotechnol. 11: 674-680.
  6. Mazaherilaghab, H., Nori, F., Zare-Abyane, H. and Vafaei, H. 2001. Effect of final irrigation on important traits of three varieties of sunflower in dry land farming. Ir J Agric Res. 1: 41-44 (In Persian)
  7. Rafiee, M. and Kalhor, M. 2015. Economic water use efficiency of corn (Zea mays) hybrids as affected by irrigation regimes: A case study in west Iran. Archiv Agron Soil Sci. 1-9.
  8. Assefa, Y. and Staggenborg, S.A. 2010. Grain sorghum yield with hybrid advancement and change in agronomic practices from 1957 through 2008. Agron J. 102: 703-706.
  9. Benabdellah, K., Abbas, Y., Abourouh, M., Aroca, R. and Azcon, R. 2011. Influence of two bacterial isolates from degraded and non-degraded soils and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi isolated from semi-arid zone on the growth of Trifolium repens under drought conditions: Mechanisms related to bacterial effectiveness. Eur J Soil Biol. 47: 303-309.
  10. Latef, A.A. and Chaoxing, H. 2010. Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmotic adjustment and oxidative stress in tomato plants subjected to low temperature stress. Acta Physiol Planta. 33: 1217-1225.
  11. Mohammadi, E., Asghari, H.R. and Gholami, A. 2013. Effect of mycorrhiza inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer on some growth indices of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Hashem cultivar. Agroecol. 5: 3. 263-271
  12. Hamzei, J. and Sadeghi Meabadi, F. 2014. The effect of irrigation intervals and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on chlorophyll index, yield and yield components of grain sorghum. J Crop Prod Process, Isfahan University of Technology. 4: 12. 211-221.
  13. Tajini, F. and Drevon, J. 2012. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizas on P use efficiency for growth and N2 fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Sci Res Essays. 7: 16. 1681-1689.
  14. Parsa-Motlagh, B., Mahmoodi, S., Sayyari-Zahan, M.H. and Naghizadeh, M. 2011. Effect of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on concentration of leaf nutrients and photosynthetic pigments of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under salinity stress condition. Agroecol. 3: 2. 233-244. (In Persian)
  15. Staden, J., Here, P.D. and Cress, W.A. 1999. Proline synthesis and degradation a model system for elucidating stress- related signal transduction. J Exp Bot. 50: 413-434.
  16. Valentine, A. J., Mortimer, P. E., Lintnaar, A. and Borga, R. 2006. Drought responses of arbuscular mycorrhiza grapevines. Symbiosis. 41: 127-133.
  17. Castellanos-Morales, V., Keiser, C., Cardenas- Navarro, R., Grausgruber, H., Glauninger, J., Garcia-Garrido, J.M., Steinkellner, S., Sampedro, I., Hage-Ahmed. K., Illana, A., Ocampo, J.A. and Vierheilig, H. 2011. The bio protective effect of AM root colonization against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in barely depends on the barely variety. Soil Biol Biochem. 43: 831-834.
  18. Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, third ed. Academic Press. Oxford.
  19. Varma, A. 2008. Mycorrhizae: State of the Art, Genetics and Molecular Biology Eco-Function, Biotechnology, Eco-physiology, structure and systematic. Springer –verlag Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN: 978-3-540-78824-9.
  20. Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
  21. Bahrami Chegni, Z., Amiri, H. and Lari Yazdi, H. 2012. Effect of drought stress on some physiological parameters of basil. National Conference on Agricultural Science and Technology. Pp: 419-430.
  22. Irigoyen, J.J., Emerich, D.W. and Sanchez-Dias, M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiol Plant. 84: 55-60.
  23. Zhang, H., Pala, M., Oweis, T. and Harris, H. 2000. Water use and water use efficiency of chickpea and lentil in a Mediterranean environment. Aust J Agric Res. 51: 295-304.
  24. Boyer, J. and Westgate, M. 2004. Grain yields with limited water. J Exp Bot. 55: 2385-2394.
  25. E.S., Setter, T.L., Medison, G.T. and Shopiro, S.P. 1991. Influence of water deficit on maize endosperm development enzyme activities and RNA transcripts of starch ane zein synthesis abcisic acid and cell devision. Plant physiol. 97: 1. 154-164.
  26. Ahmed, A.A., Hassan, M.S.M. and El Naim, A.M. 2016. Evaluation of some local sorghum genotypes in north Kordofan of Sudan semi-arid agro-ecological environment. Int J Agric Forest. 6: 1. 54-57.
  27. Turk, M.A., Assaf, T.A., Hameed, K.M. and Tawaha, A.M. 2006. Significance of mycorrhizae. World J Agric Sci. 2: 1. 16-20.
  28. Cha-um, S. and Kirdmanee, C.H. 2009. Proline accumulation, photosynthetic abilities and growth characters of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) plantlets in response to iso-osmotic salt and water-deficit stress. Agric Sci China. 8: 1. 51-58.