The effect of water deficit, combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer on yield and some morpho-physiological characteristics of Arnica montana L.

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. Graduate Student of Agronomy, Shahrekord University, Iran

2 Lecturer at the University

3 PhD Student of Weed Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Arnica montana L. is a rare plant under strict protection in several European countries and similar to medicinal plants has high commercial value. Water is one of the environmental factors which has a high impact on the growth and the essential oil content of medicinal plants. Plants are faced with various environmental stresses during their growing period. Each of these stresses has different effects on growth, metabolism, and yield according to the sensitivity level and stage of the plant growth. Management of nutrients consumption along with water consumption management influences the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops and medicinal plants. Manure is one of the organic fertilizer sources whose application in the sustainable management system of soil is conventional. In this regard, organic sources combined with chemical fertilizer can lead to soil fertility and increase crop production, because this system provides most of the plant's nutritional needs and increases the efficiency of nutrient absorption by the crop. This investigation was conducted to The effect of water deficit, combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer on yield, and some morpho-physiological characteristics of Arnica montana L.

Material and Methods: A factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research greenhouse, Zist Exsir kemia Company of Esfahan in 2019. The first factor was 5 levels of manure application: 1) no amended fertilizer, 2) 25 percent urea + 75 percent manure 3) 50 percent urea + 50 percent manure 4) 100 percent urea and 5) 100 percent manure, while 4 levels of irrigation regimes: 100 percent, 75 percent, 60 percent and 50 percent of water requirement were used as the second factor. The water need of the other treatments was considered based on the water demand of control with the TDR (Temperature Dependent Resistor) humidity meter. Harvesting of the flowers from each pot was done once a week till the full flowering stage and the number of flowers per plant, dry flower yield, harvest index of the flower, biological yield, proline, electrolyte leakage, stomatal conductance, total chlorophyll, nitrogen uptake efficiency, phenol, and flavonoid content was studied.

Results: The results of the experiment showed that the effect of fertilizer, irrigation regimes, and their interaction was significant on all the characteristics. Means comparison of the interaction effect of fertilizer and irrigation regimes showed that the maximum number of flowers per plant, dry flower yield, and biological yield in 100 percent manure with 100 percent plant water requirement, the maximum harvest index of flower in control with 75 percent plant water requirement, the maximum electrolyte leakage in 100 percent manure with 60 percent plant water requirement, the maximum stomatal conductance in 100 percent manure with 100 percent plant water requirement, the maximum total chlorophyll in 100 percent urea with 100 percent plant water requirement and the maximum phenol, flavonoid and proline contents were derived in 100 percent urea with 50 percent plant water requirement were obtained.

Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this experiment, it can be concluded that the 100 percent plant water requirement caused a reduction in proline, electrolyte leakage, phenol and flavonoid content, and improved plant growth condition in most of the fertilizer treatments. Moreover, the application of manure (especially at high stress levels) could reduce the effects of drought stress to some extent. So, according to the findings of this study, in order to obtain the maximum plant yield in similar conditions, the application of 100 percent manure with full irrigation is recommended.

Keywords: Flavonoid concentration, Irrigation regime, Medicinal plant, Nutrient management, Sustainable agriculture.

Keywords

References

  1. Sugier, D. 2015. Yield and chemical composition of mountains arnica (Arnica montana L.) raw material in relation to the method of plantation establishment and the harvesting time of flower heads. Ann UMCS Agric. 68: 3. 51-62.

    1. Kowalski, R., Sugier, D., Sugier, P. and Kołodziej, B. 2015. Evaluation of the chemical composition of essential oils with respect to the maturity of flower heads of Arnica montana L. and Arnica chamissonis Less. cultivated for industry. Ind Crops Prod. 76: 857-865.
    2. Reddy, A.R., Chaitanya, K.V. and Vivekanandan, M. 2010. Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. J Plant Physiol. 161: 1189-1202.
    3. Arazmjo, A., Heidari, M., Ghanbari, A., Siahsar, B. and Ahmadian, A. 2015. Effects of three types of fertilizers on essential oil, photosynthetic pigments, and osmoregulators in chamomile under drought stress. Environ Stress Crop Sci. 1: 3. 23-33. (In Persian)

    5.Rahmani, N., Valadabadi, S.A., Daneshian, J. and Bigdeli, M. 2017. The effects of water deficit stress and nitrogen on oil yield of (Calendula officinalis L.). Ir J Med Arom Plant. 24: 1. 101-108. (In Persian)

    6.Askary, M., Behdani, M.A., Parsa, S., Jamialahmadi, M. and Mahmoodi, S. 2017. Effects of water stress and manure on stomatal conductance, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and quantitative and qualitative yield of Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis Celak. Ir J Med Aromat Plant. 33: 5. 793-811. (in Persian)

    1. Karla, A. 2009. Organic cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants. A hope for sustainability and quality enhancement. J Org Prod Med Aron. Dye-Yielding Plants.

    8.Safaei, L., Afiuni, D. and ZeinaLi, H. 2013. Correclation relationships and path coefficient analysis between essential oil and essential oil components in 12 genotypes of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). Ir J Med Arom Plant. 29: 1. 187-200. (In Persian)

    9.Sharifi Ashoorabadi, E., Matin, A., Lebaschi, M.H. and Abbaszadeh, B. 2016. Effects of nitrogen application methods on yield of Melissa (Melissa officinalis). Ir J Med Aromat Plant Res. 20: 3. 369-376. (In Persian)

    10.Moradi, R. 2013. The effect of application of organic and biological fertilizers on yield, yield components and essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel). Dissertation of MSc Master's degree, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian)

    11.Porazizi, M. 2011. The impact of integrated and conventional methods of fertilization on soil nitrogen mineralization, quantitiative and qualitative characteristics of Sorghum Sudonese. M.Sc Thesis. Faculty of Agriculture. Shahrekord University. (In Persian)

    12.Kriplani, P., Guarve, K. and Bagharl, U. 2017. Arnica montana L. a plant of healing: review. J Pharm Pharmacol. 69: 8. 925-945.

    13.Savareddin, M.H., Sharifi Maghsudi, M. and Pakaniya, S. 2000. Chemical analysis of water, soil and fertilizers in agriculture. Amidi Press. 210 p. (In Persian)

    14.Varnaseri ghandali, V., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. and Khorramdel, S. 2019. Investigation of growth indices, grain yield and yield components of canary seed (Phalaris canariensis) in Response to the different levels of Irrigation organic and chemical fertilizers. Agroecol. 11: 1. 123-135. (In Persian)

    15.Karimi, M. and Azizi, M. 1997. Basic growth analysis: plant growth analysis for beginners. Ferdowsi of University Publication. 198 p. (In Persian)

    16.Bates, L., Waldren, R.P. and Tear, I.P. 2008. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 39: 205-207.

    17.Borojerdnia, M., Bihamta, M., Alamisiad, K. and Abdossi, V. 2016. Effect of drought tension on proline content, soluble carbohydrates, electrolytes leakage and relative water content of bean (Phaseolus valgaris L.). Crop Physiol J. 8: 29. 23-41. (In Persian)

    18.Fischer, R.A., Rees, D., Sayre, K.D., Lu, Z.M., Candon, A.G. and Saavedra, A.L. 1998. Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Sci. 38: 1467-1475.

    19.Arnon, D.I. 2009. Physiological principles of dry land crop production. In, Physiological aspects of dry land farming. Gupta U.S. (Eds), Oxford Press.

    20.Krizek, D.T., Kramer, G.F., Upadyaya, A. and Mirechi, R.M. 2010. UV-B response of cucumber seedling grown under metal halide and high pressure sodium/deluxe lamps. J Plant Physiol. 88: 350-358.

    21.Pirmania, A., Mirmahmoodi, T. and Yazdanseta, S. 2019. Effect of irrigation intervals and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield, tield components, essential oil and essence of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Environ stress crop Sci. 12: 2. 445-457. (In Persian)

    22.Tohidi nejad, E. and Rastegari, F. 2019. Effects of biological and organic fertilizers on morphological parameters and chamazulene yield of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under drought stress condition. Ir J Med Plant. 34: 6. 949-962. (In Persian)

    23.Pirzad, A., Alyai, H., Shakiba, M.R, Zehtab, S. and Mohammadi, A. 2016. Essential oil content and composition of German chamomile at different irrigation regimes. J Agron. 5: 3. 451- 455.

    24.Feizollahi, A., Daneshian, J. and Maleki, A. 2019. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and zinc sulfate fertilizer application on yield of Calendula officinalis L. Res Agric. 11: 1. 48-68. (In Persian)

    25.Shadkam, Z. and Mohajeri, F. 2019. The interaction between irrigation interval with manure and vermicompost on vegetative characteristics and yield of lemon verbena (Lippa citriodora L.). Bi-Quaterly J Plant Prod. 9: 1. 67-82. (In Persian)

    26.Badalzadeh, A., Danesh shahraki, A., Rafieiolhossaini, M. and Ghobadinia, M. 2018. The effects of solitary and combined application of cattle manure and chemical fertilizer on essential oil and some physiological characteristics of moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under water deficit stress conditions. Water Soil Sci. 28: 3. 155-168. (In Persian)

    27.Parvanak, K. 2020. Investigate the effects of drought stress on some physiological parameters, percentage and yield of essential oil of Saliva sahendica. Environ Stress Crop Sci. 12: 4. 1237-1249. (In Persian)

    28.Ahmadian, A., Ghanbari, A. and Golvi, M. 2017. The interaction effect of water stress and animal manure on yield components, essential oil and chemical composition of Cumium cyminum. Ir J Field Crop Sci. 1: 40. 173-180. (In Persian)

    29.Hassanzaseh Ghortepeh, A., Amirnia, R. and Heydarzadeh, S. 2020. The effect of manure application on physiological traits if Cichorium intybus L. in Response to drought stress. Agri. Sci. Sustain Prod. 30: 3. 133-146. (In Persian)

    30.Ameri, A.A., Nasiri Mahalati, M. and Rezvani Moghadam, P. 2015. Effects of different nitrogen levels and plant density on flower essential oils and extract production and nitrogen use efficiency of marigold (Calendula officinalis). Ir. J. Field Crops Res. 5: 2. 315-326. (In Persian)

Journal of Crop Production
Volume 15, Issue 3
October 2022
Pages 79-102

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics