Effect of direct cultivation and transplantation on growth and seed yield of spring canola in different plant densities under delayed conditions in Moghan region

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Crop and Horticultural Science Research Department Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil (Moghan), Iran Postal code: 56951-57451

2 Department of Oilseed Crops, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

3 Assistant Prof., Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: A proper planting date in canola allows the crop to grow sufficiently and minimizes the damaging effects of stress. On the other hand, early autumn rains and the problem of timely farm preparation and unavailability of farm fields due to summer crops such as peanuts in the Moghan region cause delays in planting dates for autumn crops such as canola. Problems such as supplying primary soil water for crop establishment of canola fields, pest damage such as flea beetles in delayed cultivation, the possibility of damage from cold and frost stress, as well as the decline in yield due to canola exposure to drought and heat stress due to delayed planting are the main problems of canola cultivation in the Moghan region. Because of this, canola transplanting can solve the problems and be a good choice in these kinds of situations.
Materials and methods: In order to agronomic evaluation of direct cultivation and transplantation of spring canola in different plant densities under delayed conditions in the Moghan region, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in two cropping years, 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. Experimental treatments included direct sowing of seeds as a control at a rate of 6 kg/ha; transplanting with densities of 20, 30, and 40 plants per square meter, each density with both bare-root transplant and potted-root transplant; and also with one seedling or two seedlings in the planting hole. During the experiment, traits including flowering initiation, flowering completion, flowering period, growth period, plant height, first pod height, stem diameter, branch number, pod length, pod thickness, pod number, seed number per pod, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield were recorded. Correlations among traits and path analysis were performed to investigate seed yield's direct and indirect effects.
Results: The results showed that transplanting on average caused a significant decrease in phenological traits such as flowering initiation (145.5 GDD), flowering completion (207.8 GDD), growth period (158.9 GDD), and increased flowering period (156.6 GDD) during the experimental years. Also, transplanting caused a significant increase in stem diameter (2.8 mm), branch number (2.3), pod diameter (0.6 mm), number of pods per plant (158.2), number of seeds per pod (3.3), 1000-seed weight (0.69 g) and seed yield (1894.4 kg/ha). In control treatment as delayed direct sowing, seed yield in total experimental years showed a yield decline of 62.2% (1150.7 kg/ha) compared to transplanting cultivation treatments (3045.1 kg/ha). Comparing the bare-root transplant treatments, it was found that 40 plants per square meter had a higher number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield than the 30 and 20 treatments and had a significant difference with them. Phenotypic correlation among agronomic traits showed seed yield had a negative and significant correlation with phenological traits: flowering initiation (-0.90**), flowering completion (-0.90**), and growth period (-0.77**) with a positive and non-significant effect on the flowering period (0.52). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the number of pods per plant (0.241*) and pod thickness (0.229*) had the most significant direct and positive effects on seed yield, respectively, while flowering completion (-0.559**) had the most negative and significant direct effect on seed yield.
Conclusion: Under delayed conditions, bare-root transplanting of canola with 40 plants per square meter density and one seedling in the planting hole was superior in terms of seed yield and phenological traits compared to potted-root transplanting and direct cultivation and is recommended in Moghan region.

Keywords

References

  1. Kimber, D. and McGregor, D. 1995. Brassica oilseeds: Production and utilization. Cab International. 394 p.
  2. Seymour, M., Kirkegaard, J.A., Peoples, M.B., White, P.F. and French, R.J. 2012. Break-crop benefits to wheat in western Australia–insights from over three decades of research. Crop Pas. Sci. 63: 1. 1-16.
  3. Anonymous. 2019. Agricultural statistics I: Field crops. Iranian Ministry of Agriculture, Tehran Press, 87 p. (In Persian)
  4. Shirani-Rad, A.H., Bitarafan, Z., Rahmani, F., Taherkhani, T., Moradi-Aghdam, A. and Nasresfahani, S. 2015. Effects of planting date on spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars under different irrigation regimes. Turk. J. Field Crops. 19: 2. 153-157.
  5. Fallah-Haki, M.H., Yadavi, A., Movahhedi-Dehnavi, M., Balouchi, H. and Faraji, H. 2012. The effect of planting date on phonological stages and quantity traits of four winter rapeseed cultivars in Yasouj. J. Plant Prod. 35: 2. 99-113. (In Persian)
  6. Ehteshami, S., Tehrani, A.A. and Samadi, B. 2016. Effect of planting date on some phenological and morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of five rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Agron. J. 108: 111-120. (In Persian)
  7. Uzun, B. and Furat, S. 2009. Sowing date effects on growth, flowering, oil content and seed yield of canola cultivars. Asian J. Chem. 21: 3. 1957.
  8. Fathi, G., Siadat, S. and Hemaiaty, S. 2003. Effect of sowing date on yield and yield components of three oilseed rape varieties. Acta Agron. Hung. 51: 3. 249-255.
  9. Mostafavi-Rad, M. and Mirabdolhaq, A. 2010. Evaluation of delayed sowing dates on quantitative and qualitative traits and dry matter remobilization in three winter rapeseed cultivars in Markazi province. Plant Prod. 33: 1. 49-66. (In Persian)
  10. Omidi, H., Tahmasebi, Z., Naghdi-Badi, H.A., Torabi, H. and Miransari, M. 2010. Fatty acid composition of canola (Brassica napus L.), as affected by agronomical, genotypic and environmental parameters. Com. Ren. Bio. 333: 3. 248-254.
  11. Turhan, H., Gül, M.K., Egesel, C.Ö. and Kahriman, F. 2011. Effect of sowing time on grain yield, oil content, and fatty acids in rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. Oleifera). Turk. J. Agric. Forest. 35: 3. 225-234.
  12. Abraham, B., Araya, H., Berhe, T., Edwards, S., Gujja, B., Khadka, R.B., Koma, Y.S., Sen, D., Sharif, A. and Styger, E. 2014. The system of crop intensification: Reports from the field on improving agricultural production, food security, and resilience to climate change for multiple crops. Agric. Food Sec. 3: 1. 1-12.
  13. Uphoff, N. 2012. Raising smallholder food crop yields with climate-smart agricultural practices. Report accompanying presentation on ‘the system of rice intensification (SRI) and beyond: Coping with climate change,’made at world bank, washington, dc. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  14. Uphoff, N., Chi, F., Dazzo, F. and Rodriguez, R. 2013. Soil fertility as a contingent rather than inherent characteristic: Considering the contributions of crop-symbiotic soil biota, in principles of sustainable soil management in agroecosystems. Pp: 141-166.
  15. Dash, T. and Pal, A. 2011. Growing crops with SRI principles. Bhubaneswar: SRI Secretariat and Sir Dorabji Tata Trust.
  16. Verma, A.K. and Gorai, P. 2014. Cultivating rapeseed / mustard with SRI principles: A training manual. Professional Assistance for Development Action (PRADAN), Gaya. India.
  17. Momoh, E. and Zhou, W. 2001. Growth and yield responses to plant density and stage of transplanting in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). J. Agron. Crop Sci. 186: 4. 253-259.
  18. Ala, A., Agha Alikhani, M., Amiri Larijani, B. and Soufizadeh, S. 2014. Radiation use efficiency of rice cultivars in direct-sowing and transplanting systems under weed interference. Ir. J. Field Crop Sci. 45: 1. 147-160. (In Persian)
  19. Ala, A., AghaAlikhani, M., Amiri Larijani, B. and Soufizadeh, S. 2014. Comparison between direct-seeding and transplanting of rice in Mazandaran province: Weed competition, yield and yield components. Ir. J. Field Crops Res. 12: 3. 463-475. (In Persian)
  20. Pouramir, F., Yaghoubi, B. and Shahbazi, H. 2020. Comparison of yield and yield components of native and improved rice cultivars in transplanting and direct seeding cultivation methods. J. of Crop Prod. 13: 2. 131-145. (In Persian)
  21. Aien, A. and Mamnoie, E. 2014. Chemical weeds control in fall transplanting onions in southern Kerman province. J. Weed Ecol. 2: 1. 1-10. (In Persian)
  22. Darabi, A. 2014. Evaluation of planting systems effects (transplant and onion set) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of some onion genotypes in Behbahan region. Res. Achiev. Field Hort. Crops. 3: 3. 149-161. (In Persian)
  23. Ghiasabadi, M., Khajeh-Hosseini, M. and Mohammad Abadi, A. 2014. The study of transplanting date on growth analyses and forage yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under Mashhad conditions. Ir. J. Field Crops Res. 12: 1. 137-145. (In Persian)
  24. Zolfagharan, A., Alizadeh, A., Khavari, S., Bannayan, M. and Ansari, H. 2016. Investigation and comparison of water productivity in direct and transplant seeding of corn in different irrigation regimes. Ir. J. Irri. Drain. 10: 4. 508-519. (In Persian)
  25. Sadeghi, F. and Mahrokh, A. 2020. Effect of transplanting and seed hydropriming on grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) as second crop in temperate region of Kermanshah, Iran. Ir. Soci. Crops Plant Breed. Sci. 22: 1. 50-65. (In Persian)
  26. Abdollahi, S.A.S., Hatami, A., Yosefabadi, V. and Mehrabi, A.A. 2020. The effect of transplanting, sowing and harvesting date on yield and water use efficiency of autumn-sown sugar beet. J. Sugar Beet. 35: 2. 175-191. (In Persian)
  27. Bagheri Shirvan, M., Asadi, G.A. and Koocheki, A. 2019. Evaluation of quantity and quality characteristics of sugar beet varieties in different sowing date of direct sowing and transplanting in Shirvan and Mashhad. Ir. J. Field Crops Res. 17: 4. 551-565. (In Persian)
  28. Lotfi Keyvanlo, A. and Armin, M. 2017. The effect of seedlings age and date of transfer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet. Ir. J. Field Crop Sci. 48: 1. 291-301. (In Persian)
  29. Khajeh Mozaffari, M., Abdolhosseini, M., Ghorbani Nasrabad, G. and Farzaneh, M.R. 2019. Evaluation of the effects of different water quantities and irrigation frequency on cotton yield and yield components in direct and transplanting methods. Ir. J. Irrig. Drain. 13: 5. 1331-1341. (In Persian)
  30. Soleimanzadeh, G., Soltani, A., Torabi, B., Ebrahimi, H. and Shakeri, E. 2020. Modeling the effect of pot culture on yield and water use of soybean in Gorgan. J. Crop Prod. Proc. 10: 3. 111-125. (In Persian)
  31. Mostafavi-Rad, M., Nobahar, A., Gholami, M., Jahansaz, H., Akbarzadeh, E. and Adibi, S. 2020. Two sowing and transplanting method effect on peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) growth as affected by different row distance in Rasht. J. Crop Prod. 13: 2. 117-130. (In Persian)
  32. Rahnama, A. and Bakhshandeh, A.A. 2006. Effect of sowing dates and direct seeding and transplanting methods on agronomic characteristics and grain yield of canola under Ahvaz conditions. Ir. Soci. Crops Plant Breed. Sci. 7: 4. 324-336. (In Persian)
  33. Rabiee, M., Alinia, F. and Tousi Kehal, P. 2010. Effect of transplanting date on yield and some important traits of rapeseed cultivars in paddy field of Guilan. Ir. J. Agric. Sci. Sustain. Prod. 20: 3. 153-173.
  34. Rabiee, M., Aliniya, F. and Tousi Kehal, P. 2011. Effect of transplanting date on seed yield and its components of four rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars as second crop in rasht in Iran. Seed Plant Prod. J. 27: 3. 251-267. (In Persian)
  35. Rabiee, M., Majidian, M., Alizadeh, M.R. and Kavoosi, M. 2021. Effect of tillage system, planting method and nitrogen fertilizer rate on agronomic charachteristics and seed yield of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cv. Dalgan in Guilan, Iran. Ir. J. Crop Sci. 22: 4. 335-349. (In Persian)
  36. Zareei Siahbidi, A., Jabbari, H., Rezaei Zad, A. and Asgari, A. 2020. Effect of transplanting date and seedling growth stage on some agronomic characteristics and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in Kermanshah in Iran. Seed Plant Imp. J. 36: 3. 301-315. (In Persian)
  37. Habibi, Asl, J., Azizi, A. and Behbahani, L. 2021. Technical and yield evaluation of mechanized rapeseed transplanting in Khuzestan. Agric. Mecha. Syst. Res. 22: 78. 73-88. (In Persian)
  38. IRRI. 2013. Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) version: 2.0.1. International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines.
  39. Sall, J., Stephens, M.L., Lehman, A. and Loring, S. 2017. JMP Start Statistics: A guide to statistics and data analysis using JMP. SAS Institute.
  40. IBM Corporation. 2016. SPSS for windows, version 24. IBM Corp Armonk (NY).
  41. Taylor, A. and Smith, C. 1992. Effect of sowing date and seeding rate on yield and yield components of irrigated canola (Brassica napus L.) grown on a red-brown earth in south-eastern Australia. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43: 7. 1629-1641.
  42. Hochmuth, G., Cantliffe, D., Chandler, C., Stanley, C., Bish, E., Waldo, E., Legard, D. and Duval, J. 2006. Containerized strawberry transplants reduce establishment-period water use and enhance early growth and flowering compared with bare-root plants. HortTechnol. 16: 1. 46-54.
  43. Russo, V. 2004. Greenhouse-grown transplants as an alternative to bare-root transplants for onion. HortSci. 39: 6. 1267-1271.
  44. Gamiely, S., Smittle, D., Mills, H. and Banna, G. 1990. Onion seed size, weight, and elemental content affect germination and bulb yield. HortSci. 25: 5. 522-523.
  45. Javanmardi, J. and Moradiani, M. 2017. Tomato transplant production method affects plant development and field performance. Int. J. Veg. Sci. 23: 1. 31-41.
  46. Koocheki, A., Azizi, M., Norooziyan, A. and Najibnia, S. 2020. Evaluation of a wide range of plant density on yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Agroecol. 12: 1. 1-13. (In Persian)
  47. Deng, J., Ran, J., Wang, Z., Fan, Z., Wang, G., Ji, M., Liu, J., Wang, Y., Liu, J. and Brown, J.H. 2012. Models and tests of optimal density and maximal yield for crop plants. Proc. Nati Acad. Scie. 109: 39. 15823-15828.
  48. Zamani, G. and Koocheki, A. 1995. The effect of planting pattern and density on light interception, yield and yield components of maize cultivar. Agric. Sci. Technol. J. 2: 2. 17-30. (In Persian)
  49. Beheshti, A.A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2002. Effect of planting pattern on light absorption and conversion efficiency in three varieties of maize canopy. Seed Plant Prod. J. 18: 4. 417-431. (In Persian)
  50. Gusta, L., Johnson, E., Nesbitt, N. and Kirkland, K. 2004. Effect of seeding date on canola seed quality and seed vigour. Can. J. Plant Sci. 84: 2. 463-471.
  51. Hay, R.K. and Walker, A.J. 1989. Introduction to the physiology of crop yield. Longman Group UK Limited. 292 p.
  52. Shirani-Rad, A.H. and Ahmadi, M. 1997. Effect of sowing date and plant density on growth analysis of two winter rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus L.) in Karaj region. Ir. J. Agric. Sci. 28: 2. 27-36. (In Persian)
  53. Ali, N., Javidfar, F., Elmira, J.Y. and Mirza, M. 2003. Relationship among yield components and selection criteria for yield improvement in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Pak. J. Bot. 35: 2. 167-174.
  54. Biabani, A., Foroughi, A., Karizaki, A.R., Rassam, G.A., Hashemi, M. and Afshar, R.K. 2021. Physiological traits, yield, and yield components relationship in winter and spring canola. J. the Sci. Food Agric. 101: 8. 3518-3528. (In Persian)
  55. Radić, V., Balalić, I., Krstić, M. and Marjanović-Jeromela, A. 2021. Correlation and path analysis of yield and yield components in winter rapeseed. Genetika. 53: 1. 157-166.
  56. Ismaili, A., Sohrabi, S., Hosseini, S., Namdarian, R. and Godarzi, D. 2016. Genotypic correlation and path analysis of some traits related to oil yield and grain yield in canola (Brassica napus L.) under non-stress and water deficit stress conditions. Ir. J. Field Crops Res. 14: 4. 646-664. (In Persian)
  57. Ali, N., Javidfar, F. and Attary, A. 2002. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis of yield and its components in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Pak. J. Bot. 34: 2. 145-150.
  58. Marjanović-Jeromela, A., Marinković, R., Ivanovska, S., Jankulovska, M., Mijić, A. and Hristov, N. 2011. Variability of yield determining components in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and their correlation with seed yield. Genetika. 43: 1. 51-66.
  59. Rameeh, V. 2016. Heritability and path coefficient analysis for quantitative traits of rapeseed advanced lines. J. Oil. Bra. 7: 2. 139-147.
  60. Zare, M. and Sharafzadeh, S. 2012. Genetic variability of some rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars in southern Iran. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 7: 2. 224-229.
  61. Aytaç, Z., Kinaci, G. and Kinaci, E. 2008. Genetic variation, heritability and path analysis of summer rapeseed cultivars. J. Appl. Biol. Sci. 2: 3. 35-39.
  62. Nasim, A., Farhatullah, S.I., Shah, S. and Azam, S.M. 2013. Genetic variability and correlation studies for morpho-physiological traits in Brassica napus L. Pak. J. Bot. 45: 4. 1229-1234.
  63. Rameeh, V. 2015. Heritability, genetic variability and correlation analysis of some important agronomic traits in rapeseed advanced lines. Cer. Agron. Mold. 48: 4. 71-80.
  64. Ul-Hasan, E., Mustafa, H., Bibi, T. and Mahmood, T. 2014. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in advanced lines of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) for yield components. Cerc. Agron. Mold. 47: 1. 71-79.
  65. Bayat, M., Rabiei, B., Rabiee, M. and Moumeni, A. 2008. Assessment of relationship between grain yield and important agronomic traits of rapeseed as second culture in paddy fields. J. Crop Prod. and Proc. 12: 45. 475-486. (In Persian)
  66. Sharafi, Y., Majidi, M., Jafarzadeh, M. and Mirlohi, A. 2018. Multivariate analysis of genetic variation in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 17: 5. 1319-1331.
  67. Sandhu, R., Rai, S., Bharti, R., Kour, A., Gupta, S. and Verma, A. 2017. Studies on genetic diversity among various genotypes of Brassica napus L. using morphological markers. Int. J. Curr. Mic. Appl. Sci. 6: 7. 469-480.
  68. Zebarjadi, A., Kakaei, M. and Mostafaie, A. 2011. Genetic variability of some traits in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Biha. BioL. 5: 2. 127-131.
  69. Tiwari, A.K., Singh, S.K., Tomar, A. and Singh, M. 2017. Heritability, genetic advance and correlation coefficient analysis in indian mustard (Brassica juncea L czern & coss). J. Pharm. Phyt. 6: 1. 356-359.
  70. Saqib, M. 2011. The estimation of heritability, association and selection criteria for yield components in mustard (Brassica juncea). Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 48: 4. 251-254.
  71. Khayat, M., Lack, S. and Karami, H. 2012. Correlation and path analysis of traits affecting grain yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties. J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res. 2: 6. 5555-5562.
Journal of Crop Production
Volume 15, Issue 2
July 2022
Pages 137-160

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics