Effect of plant densities and weed competition on yield and yield components of Red-bean genotypes

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 M.Sc. student, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

2 Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: Weed management in red-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is very important because of relatively high reduction of crop growth and yield, in weedy condition. Therefore, focusing on variation of bean genotypes and plant densities may clue to solve the problem. In this study, the effects of plant densities of three red-bean genotypes in the case of weed infestation on growth, yield and yield components were evaluated.

Materials and Methods: This experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of University of Guilan in 2017. The main plots included red-bean genotypes (Darakhshan and Sayyad cultivars and D81083 line), and the sub-plots were planting densities of 15, 25 and 35 plants.m-2 in weedy conditions, and 25 plants.m-2 in weed free condition.

Results: The plant height and yield were affected by the genotypes and the plant densities of red-bean in weedy and weed-free condition, but the harvest index was not. Biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and the dry weight of 100 seeds varied based on genotypes and plant densities. The highest plant height was seen in Sayyad, D81083 and Darakhshan genotypes respectively. Plants height in treatments with the density of 25 plants.m-2 did not show significant differences in weedy and weed free conditions; while the densities of 35 and 15 plants.m-2 of plants in weedy treatments had the highest and the lowest heights, respectively. The highest amount of seed yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, and 100 seeds weight, of all three genotypes were found on weed free conditions. In all plant densities, the highest amount of seed yield was belonged to line D81083 and the lowest amount was belonged to Seyyad, while there were no significant differences between seed yield of both and Darakhshan cltivar. Among weedy treatments, the highest amount of biological yield and number of pods per plant were found in cultivar of Derakhshan with 25 plants.m-2. For Sayyad cultivar, the highest amount of biological yield, and for line D81083, the highest amount of biological yield, number of seed per pod and 100 seed weight were observed in densities of 25 and 35 plants.m-2. For Sayyad cultivar, there were no significant differences among plant densities on number of pod per plant, and 100 seed weight. The lowest number of pod per plant of darakhshan cultivar was found in 35 and 15 plants.m-2 in weedy condition, but in line D81083 it was seen in 15 plants.m-2. There were no significant differences for number of seeds per pods and 100 seed weight of Darakhshan cultivar between density of 25 plants.m2 and weedy condition, and also for number of seeds per pods of Sayyad cultivar and line D81083 between density of 25 and 35 plants.m2 and weedy conditions with density of 25 plants.m2 and weed-free treatments. The lowest seed per pod for all genotypes were found in 15 plants.m-2 in weedy conditions. There were no significant differences between Darakhshan cultivar and line D81083 for indices of competition, ability withstand competition and yield loss, whereas competitive ability of Sayyad cultivar was lower than two other genotypes.
Conclusion: Generally, it would be concluded that regardless of some differences exist in weed competition effects on yield component, all three red bean genotypes were sensitive to weed infestation during growing season and showed considerable seed and biological yield reduction, especially in low plant densities (15 plants.m-2).

Keywords


  1. Aguyoh, J.N., and Masiunas, J.B. 2003. Interference of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) with snap beans. Weed Sci. 51: 2. 202-207.
  2. Amini, R. Majnoon Hosseini, N., Rahimiyan mashhadi, H., Mazaheri, D., and Mohammad alizade, H. 2008. The effect of the competitive potency of red bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with Amaranthus retroflexus L. J. Crop Sci. 40: 1. 121-131. (In Persian).
  3. Amini, R., and Fateh, A. 2010. The effect of Amaranthus retroflexus on growth indices and red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars yield. J. Agric. Sci. Sustain. Prod. 4: 2. 113-129. (In Persian).
  4. Amini, R. Pejgan, H., and Dabbagh mohammadi nasab, A. 2014. The effect of the competitive potency of different bean genotypes against weeds. Iran. J. Agric. Res. 12: 3. 491-501. (In Persian).
  5. Ayaz, S., Mcneil, D.L., Mckenzie, B.A., and Hill, G.D. 2001. Population and sowing depth effects on yield component of grain legumes. Proceedings of the 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, Hobart.
  6. Baghestani, M.A., and Zand, E. 2004. Investigated morphophysiological characteristics of affecting the competitive power of wheat with weed pterygium (Goldbachia iaevigata L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) In Karaj Region. J. Plant Pests Dis. 72: 1. 91-111. (In Persian).
  7. Baghestani, M.A., Lemieux, C., and Leroux, G. 2005. Early root and shoot competition between spring cereal cultivars and wild mustard (Brassica kaber). Iran. J. Weed Sci. 1: 1. 19- 40.
  8. Buruchara, R., Chirwa, R., Sperling, L., Mukankusi, C., Rubyogo, J.C., Muthoni, R., and Abang, M.M. 2011. Development and delivery of bean varieties in africa: The Pan-Africa bean research Alliance (PABRA) model. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 19: 4. 227-245.
  9. Boydak, E., Simsek, M., and Gercek, S. 2004. Row spacing and irrigation interval effects on yield and yield components of soybean (Glicine max L. Merr). Pak. J Biol. Sci. 7: 2. 230-234.
  10. Eshaghi, M. Rastgu, M. Poor Yousef, M., and Fotovat, R. 2011. Effect of plant density and growth type on yield, yield components and red bean weeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Iran. J. Pulses Res. 2: 2. 19-34. (In Persian).
  11. Ghanbari, A.A. and Taheri mazandarani, M. 2003. Effect of sowing date and plant density on yield of spotted bean. Seed plant. 19: 4. 483-496. (In Persian).
  12. Ghanbari, A. Rastgo, M. Pour Yousef, M. Afsahi, K. and Saba, J. 2009. Competitive evaluation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties with weeds in different planting dates. Master's thesis. University of Zanjan.
  13. Ghanbari motlagh, M., Rastgo, M., Pour Yousef, M., Saba, J., and Afsahi, K. 2011. Effect of planting date and weed interference on yield and yield components of red beans cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with different growth. Iran. J. Cereal Res. 2: 1. 1-20.
  14. Golchin, A. Mousavi, S.F. Ghasemi galazani, K. and Saba, J. 2008. Relationship between plant density and seed yield of three chickpea cultivars in planting dates. J. Agric. Sci. 18: 1. 110-117. (In Persian).
  15. Graf, R., and Rowland, G. 1987. Effect of plant density on yield and components of yield of faba bean. Can. J. plant Sci. 67: 1. 1-10.
  16. Hayat, F., Arif, M., and Kakar, K.M. 2003. Effects of seed rates on mung bean varieties under dry land conditions. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 5: 1. 160-161.
  17. Khajoeinejad, Gh. Rezaei, A., and Mousavi, F. 1993. Effects of different irrigation regimes and planting densities on yield and other characteristics of the experimental line 11805 with beans. Iran. J. Agric. Sci. 25: 3. 1-15. (In Persian).
  18. Kuchaki, A. and Banayan-aval, M. 2002. Cereal Agronomy. University of Mashhad Jihad. (In Persian).
  19. Malik, V.S., Swanton, C.J., and Michaels, T.E. 1993. Interaction of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars, row spacing, and seeding density with annual weeds. Weed Sci. 41: 1. 62-68.
  20. Marchner, H. 1990. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press. London. 674p.
  21. Mousavi, S.K. Zand, A. and Baghestani, M.A. 2005. Effect of planting density on interference between beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and weeds. Plant Pests Dis. 73: 1. 79-92. (In Persian).
  22. Ogg, A.G., and Rogers, B.S. 1989. Taxonomy, distribution, biology, and control of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and related species in the united states of Canada. Weed Sci. 4: 1. 25-58.
  23. Olsen, J., and Weiner, J. 2007. The influence of Triticum aestivum density, sowing pattern and nitrogen fertilization on leaf area index and its spatial variation. Basic Appl. Ecol. 8: 3. 252-257. 
  24. Olsen, J.M., Griepentrog, H.W., Nielsen, J., and Weiner, J. 2012. How important are crop spatial pattern and density for weed suppression by spring wheat? Weed Sci. 60: 3. 501-509.
  25. Omafra. 2006. Guide to weed Control, publication 75. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affaire, Toronto, ON, Pp: 95-101.
  26. Omafra. 2008. Guide to Weed Control. Publication no. 75. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Toronto, ON, Canada.
  27. Pezeshkpour, P. Daneshvar, M. and Ahmadi, A. 2005. Effect of plant density on agronomic traits, leaf chlorophyll and light influence in Shade bottom of white chickpea cultivars. First National Bean Conference, Mashhad Holy. Plant Sciences Institute of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 1: 3. 1-3. (In Persian).
  28. Sadeghipour, A., Ghafari khaligh, H., and Monem, R. 2004. The effect of plant density on determinate and indeterminate red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars yield and yield component yield. J. Agron. Sci. 11: 1. 149-159. (In Persian).
  29. Shafaroudi, A. Zavare, M. Peivast, G.H. and Dorri, H. 2011. Effect of planting date and plant density on performance and grain yield components of bean populations. J. Agric. Sci. Sustain. Prod. 22: 3. 47-60. (In Persian).
  30. Soltani, N., Nurse, R.E., Van Eerd, L.L., Vyn, R.J., Shropshire, C., and Sikkema, P.H. 2010. Weed control, environmental impact and profitability with trifluralin plus reduced doses of imazethapyr in dry bean. Crop Prot. 29: 4. 364-368.
  31. Thalji, T., and Salaldeh, G. 2006. Effect of planting date on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) nodulation and performance under semiarid conditions. World J. Agric. Sci. 2: 4. 477-482.
  32. Watson, P.R., Derksen, D.A., Van Acker, R.C., and Blrvine, M.C. 2002. The contribution of seed, seedling, and mature plant traits to barley cultivar competitiveness against weeds. Proceedings of the 2002 National Meeting- Canadian. Weed Science Society, Pp: 49-57.
  33. Westerman, D., and Crothers, S. 1977. Plant population effects on the seed yield components of beans. Crop Sci. 17: 2. 493-496.
  34. Yagmur, M., and Kaydan, D. 2004. Effects of sowing densities and phosphorus doses on some phonologic, morphologic characters and seed yield of dry bean under irrigation condition in Van, Turkey. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 7: 10. 1782-1787.
  35. Zand, E., and Beckie, H. 2005. Competitive ability of hybrid and open pollination canola with wild oat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 82: 2. 473-480.