ALLEVIATORY ACTIVITIES IN MYCORRHIZAL TOBACCO PLANTS SUBJECTED TO INCREASING CHLORIDE IN IRRIGATION WATER

Document Type : Research Paper

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Abstract

Background and objectives: Excessive quantities of chloride in the cured leaf reduce the rate of burn and cause certain adverse effects such as increased hygroscopicity, dinginess, uneven colors and undesirable odors in cured tobacco leaves. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are associated with the roots of over 80% terrestrial plant species including halophytes, hydrophytes and xerophytes. AMF have been shown to promote plant growth and salinity tolerance; they promote salinity tolerance by employing various mechanisms. To date, no information is available about the interaction between of AM fungi and high chloride concentration in irrigation water on the agronomical and physiological responses of tobacco.
Material and Methos: Field experiments were conducted in the field research of Payame Noor University, Gorgan, Golestan province, Iran during two years (2012-2013). A factorial randomized block design with four replications on agronomic and chemical properties of Virginia tobacco (cv. K-326, included two mycorrhizal (Rhizophagus irregularis) levels (with AM, AM+ or without AM, AM-) and four chloride levels in irrigation water (C1-C4); Chloride was added to the water as CaCl2. The fact that the10 mg Cl L-1 concentration in water is considered very low and without adverse effects on tobacco, leads us to the decision to take this chloride concentration as control.
Results: Mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher uptake of nutrients in shoots and number of leaves regardless of intensities of chloride stress. The cured leaves yield of AM+ plants under C2-C4 chloride stressed conditions was higher than AM- plants. Leaf chloride content increased in linearly with the increase of chloride level while AMF colonized plants maintained low Cl content. AM+ plants produced tobacco leaves that contain significantly higher quantities of nicotine than AM- plants. AM inoculation ameliorated the chloride stress to some extent. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione) also exhibited decrease with chloride treatment. Chloride stress caused great alterations in the endogenous levels of growth hormones with abscisic acid showing increment. AMF inoculated plants maintained higher levels of growth hormones and also allayed the negative impact of chloride.
Conclusion: Based on the previuos results it is preferable to use irrigation water with chloride concentration below 25 mg L-1 since at this level the chloride concentration in the leaves remained around 1%. On the other hand, the chloride level of 40 mg L-1 in irrigation water in combination with AMF can be considered as the threshold upper limit. In such high concentrations the use of AMF are recommended, because keep the leaf chloride concentrations around the acceptable level.

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References

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Journal of Crop Production
Volume 10, Issue 2
November 2017
Pages 155-174

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