Synergistic effect of drought stress and glycine amino acid treatment on structural and antioxidant reactions of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, National Salinity Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran

2 Ph.D. Student, Department of Agriculture, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran

Abstract

Background and objectives: Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses and factors limiting the successful production of plant products worldwide and has adverse effects on plant growth and other metabolic processes. The Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica) is an annual herbaceous plant. Glycine amino acid is the smallest and the simplest structure in cells and is a soluble, polar, hydrophilic nitrogen compound that accumulates under stress in plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of glycine amino acid on structural and antioxidant parameters in increasing Moldavian balm drought tolerance.

Materials and methods: This study was conducted a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the spring of 2019 in Yazd province. Experimental factors were a: drought stress at 3 levels (100, 70, and 30% of field capacity) and b: foliar application of glycine at 3 levels (0, 2.5, and 5 per thousand). In this study, parameters such as stem length, root length, root/shoot length ratio, root and shoot dry weight, as well as a carotenoid, electrolyte leakage, anthocyanin and flavonoid levels, were measured.
Results: The results showed that the drought stress decreased the shoot length by 23.63% and 33.62% and increase root/shoot length ratio by 46.66% and 53.33%, at 70 and 30% of Fc, respectively. Glycine amino acid increase shoot length and reduced root/shoot length ratio and the highest shoot length (25.44 cm) and root/ shoot ratio (0.30) were obtained with distilled water spraying. Due to the interaction effect of drought stress and glycine, the highest root length (5.50 cm) was obtained in 30% Fc and foliar application with the distilled water. The highest shoot dry weight (0.16 g/plant) was observed in 100% Fc and 2.5/1000 (2.5 g/l) glycine treatments and the highest root dry weight (0.02 g/plant) was in 100% Fc and 5/1000 glycine spraying. Based on comparisons of the mean effects of dual interaction, the highest electrolyte leakage (92.92%) was observed in 30% Fc and the foliar application of glycine amino acid with a concentration of 5 per thousand. The highest amount of carotenoids (11.56 mg/g F.W) was obtained in the treatments of 100% Fc and the foliar application with distilled water and the highest amount of anthocyanin (0.21 absorption/g F.W) in the interaction of 30% Fc and the foliar application of glycine at 2.5/1000, which had no significant difference with a concentration of 5/1000 and finally, the highest flavonoid content (2.16 absorption/g F.W) was observed in interaction with 30% Fc and the foliar application of glycine at 2.5/1000.
Conclusion: Drought stress had the structural reactions such as decrease the stem length and increase the root/shoot ratio and the foliar application of glycine increase the shoot length as well as decrease the root/shoot ratio and inetraction effects on drought stress and the foliar application of glycine increase shoot and root dry weight. Also, the interaction effect of drought stress and foliar application of glycine increased electrolyte leakage, anthocyanin, and flavonoids levels. Application of glycine amino acid at the concentration of 2.5/1000 (2.5g/l), Increase of tolerant plants to drought stress with the most effective role in increasing structural reaction-dependent parameters such as the stem dry weight, root/ stem length ratio as well as antioxidant parameters such as anthocyanin and flavonoid levels.

Keywords


  1.  Abbaspour, H., and Rezaei, H. 2015. Effects of gibberellic acid on Hill reaction, photosynthetic Pigment and phenolic compounds in Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) in different drought stress levels. J. Plant.Res. 27: 5. 893-903. (In Persian).

    1. Aerts, R., and Chapin, F. S. 1999. The mineral nutrition of wild plants revisited: A re-evaluation of processes and patterns. Adv. Ecol. Res. 62: 30. 26-34.
    2. Afshar Mohammadian, M., Ebrahimi Nokandeh, S., and Jamalomidi, M. 2015. The effect of different levels of salinity on some non-enzymatic antioxidants of three cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogea). Crop. Physiol. J. 6: 24. 57-71. (In Persian)
    3. Akbari, Sh., Kafi, M., and Rezvan Beidokhti, Sh. 2016. The Effect of Drought Stress and Plant Density on Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics of Two Garlic (Allium sativum) Ecotypes. J. Field. Crops. Res. 14: 4. 665-674. (In Persian)
    4. AL-Aghabary, K., Zhujun, Z., and Qinhua, S. 2004. Influence of silicon supply on chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence, and antioxidative enzyme activities in tomato plants under salt stress. J. Plant. Nutr. 27: 12. 2101-2115.
    5. Alizadeh, A., 2005. Soil Water-Plant Relationship. Astane qodse razavi publication. 222p. (In Persian)
    6. Arnon, D., 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast. Polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant. Physiol. 24: 1. 1-15.
    7. Ashraf, M. 2009. Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnol. Adv. 27:1. 84-93.
    8. Atal, C., and Kapur, K. 1998. Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plant. Jamu/tawi, India,78p.
    9. Beltrano, J., and Ronco, M.G. 2008. Improved tolerance of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) to drought stress and rewatering by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus claroideum: Effect on growth and cell membrane stability. Braz. J. Plant. Physiol. 20: 1. 29-37.
    10. Bohnert, H.J., and Jensen, R.G. 1996. Strategies for engineering water-stress tolerance in plants. Trends. Biotechnol. 14: 3. 89-97.
    11. Boroujerdnia, M., Bihamta, M., AlamiSaid, K., and Abdossi, V. 2016. Effect of drought tension on proline content, soluble carbohydrates, electrolytes leakage and relative water content of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Crop. Physio. J. 29: 8. 23-41. (In Persian)
    12. Cao, G., Sofic, E., and Prior, R.L. 1997. Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: Structure-activity relationships. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 22: 5. 749-760.
    13. Clover, G., Smith, H., and Jaggard, K. 1998. The crop under stress. Brit. Sugar. Beet. Rev. 66: 3. 17-19.
    14. Dastmalchi, K., Dorman, H.G., Kosar, M., and Hiltunen, R. 2007. Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant evaluation of a water soluble Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica) extract. Food. Sci. Technol. 40: 2. 239-248.
    15. Debaeke, P., and Aboudrare, A. 2004. Adaptation of crop management to water-limited environments. Eur. J. Agron. 21: 4. 433-446.
    16. Galeshi, S. 2015. The Effect of environmental stresses on plants. (Drought, Salinity, Heat and Flooding). Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Publication. 1. 386 p. (In Persian).
    17. Ganjeali, A., Kafi, M., and Sabet Teimouri, M. 2010. Variations of root and shoot physiological indices in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in response to drought stress. J. Environ. Stresses. Crop. Sci. 3: 1. 35-45. (In Persian).
    18. Ganjeali, A., and A. Bagheri. 2011. Evaluation of morphological characteristics of root chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in response to drought stress. J. Pulses. Res. 1: 2. 101-110 (In Persian).
    19. Harborne, J. B., and Williams, C.A. 2000. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochem. 55: 6. 481-504.
    20. Hsiao, T.C. 1973. Plant responses to water stress. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 24: 1. 519-570.
    21. Joushan, Z., Sodaeezadeh, H., Hakimzadeh Ardakani, M.A., Yazdani Biouki, R., and khajehhosseini, S. 2019. Investigating the effect of foliar application of glycine betaine on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Mint (Mentha spicata L). Under salinity stress. J. Plant. Prod. Agron. Breed. Hortic. J. Agric. Sci., In press
    22. Juan, M., Rivero, R.M., Romero, L., and Ruiz, J. M. 2005. Evaluation of some nutritional and biochemical indicators in selecting salt-resistant tomato cultivars. Environ. Exp. Bot. 54: 3. 193-201.
    23. Jalalvand, A., Andalibi, B., Tavakoliorcid, A., and Moradi, P. 2018. Effect of growth regulators on some physiological characteristics and essential oil of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) under drought stress. J. Environ. Stresses. Crop. Sci. 11: 3. 645-659. (In Persian).
    24. Kafi, M., Borzooyi, B., Salehi, M., Kamandi, A., Massumi, A., and Nabati, J. 2010. Environmental Stress in Plant Physiology. JDM Press, 502p. (In Persian)
    25. Kazemi, H., Mortazavian, S.M.M., and Ghorbani Javid, M. 2017. Physiological responses of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) to water deficit stress. J. Field. Crops. Res. 48: 4. 1099 -1113. (In Persian)
    26. Khajehhosseini, S., Fanoodi, F., Tabatabaee, S.A., Yazdani Biouki, R., and Masoud Sinaki, J. 2020. Evaluation of usage and time of glycine amino acid application on growth and Vegetative organs yield and antioxidant activity of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) under different irrigation conditions. J. Environ. Stresses. Crop. Sci. 13: 2. 533- 546. (In Persian)
    27. Khoshsokhan mozaffar, M., Jafari, L., and Vatankhah, E., 2013. The effect of Anthracene on oxidative stress factors in (Medicago sativa). J. Sci. Res. Appl. Biol. 3: 12. 58-82. (In Persian)
    28. Kulkarni, M., and Phalke, S. 2009. Evaluating variability of root size system and its constitutive traits in hot pepper (Capsicum annum) under water stress. Sci. Hortic. 120: 2. 159-166.
    29. Lotfi, M., Abbaszadeh, B., and Mirza, M. 2014. The effect of drought stress on morphology, proline content and soluble carbohydrates of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus). J. Med. Aroma. Plants. 30: 1. 19-29. (In Persian)
    30. Mohamadnia, R., Rezaei Nejad, A., and Bahraminejad, S. 2018. Effect of irrigation interval and silicon on some morphophysiological and biochemical properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum). J. Hortic. Sci. 49: 1. 37-45. (In Persian).
    31. Monakhova, O.F., and Chernyadev, I.I., 2002. Protective role of kartolin-4 in wheat plants exposed to soil drought. Am. Soc. Microbiology. J. 38: 4. 373-380.
    32. Mozaffarian, V. 2003. Culture of the Iranian Plant Names. Contemporary Culture Publications. Theran. 362 p. (In Persian).
    33. Naghibi, F., Mosaddegh, M., Motamed, S.M., and Ghorbani, A. 2005. Labiatea family in Folk medicine in Iran: from ethnobotany to pharmacology. J. Pharm. 4: 2. 63-79.
    34. Nasrabadi, B., Omid Baygi, R., and Sfidkon F. 2007. Effect of sowing time on biological growth yield and essential oil content in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica ). Iran. J. Med. Arom. Plants. 23: 3. 307-314. (In Persian)
    35. Nogues S., and Baker N R. 2000. Effects of drought on photosynthesis in Mediterranean plants growth under enhanced UV-B radiation. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 348. 1309-1317.
    36. Mo, Y., Nagel, C., and Taylor, L. P. 1992. Biochemical complementation of chalcone synthase mutants defines a role for flavonols in functional pollen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 89: 15. 7213-7217.
    37. Nazarinasi, H., Jabari, F., azimi, M.R., and Norouzian, M. 2012. Effect of Drought Stress on Cell Membrane Stability, Photosynthesis Rate, Relative Water Content and Grain Yield of Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Cultivars. J. Field. Crops. Res. 43: 3. 491-499.
    38. Raeisi M., Farahani L., and Palashi M. 2014. Changes of qualitative and quantitative properties of radish (Raphanus sativus) under foliar spraying through amino acid. Int. J. Biosci. 4: 1. 463-468.
    39. Rasam, G.H., Dadkhah, A., and Khoshnod-yazdy, A., 2014. Assessing the impact of water shortages on morphological and physiological characteristics of medicinal plants hyssop. J. Agric. 10: 1. 12-22.
    40. Rostami, G., Moghaddam, M., Saeedi Pooya, E., and Ajdanian, L. 2019. The effect of humic acid foliar application on some morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of spearmint (Mentha spicata) in drought stress conditions. J. Environ. Stresses. Crop. Sci. 12: 1. 95-110.
    41. Seyed Ebrahimi, F. S., Hassani Kumleh, H., Alami, A., and Rezadoost, M. H. 2016. Drought stress effects on morphological traits and enzymatic antioxidant activity of two rapeseed (Brassica napus) cultivars. J. Plant. Process. Function. 4: 14. 77-92.
    42. Sairam, R.K., and Srivastava, G.C. 2001. Water stress tolerance of wheat Triticum aestivum: Variation in hydrogen peroxide accumulation and antioxidant activity in tolerant and susceptible genotype. J. Agron. Crop. Sci. 186: 1. 63-70.
    43. Sharma, A., Jha, A.M., Dubey, R.S., and Pessarakli, M. 2012. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plant under stressful conditions. Bot. 2012: 1. 1-26.
    44. Souri, M.K., and Hatamian, M. 2019. Aminochelates in plant nutrition: a review. J. Plant. Nutr. 42: 1. 67-78.
    45. Teixeira, W.F., Fagan, E.B., Soares, L.H., Umburanas, R.C., Reichardt, K., and Neto, D.D. 2017. Foliar and seed application of amino acids affects the antioxidant metabolism of the soybean crop. Plant. Sci. 8: 327. 1-14.
    46. Tsouvaltzis, P., Koukounaras, A., and Siomos, A. S. 2014. Application of amino acids improves lettuce crop uniformity and inhibits nitrate accumulation induced by the supplemental inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 16: 5. 951-955.
    47. Velu, G., Ortiz-Monoasterio, L., Cakmak, L., and Singh, Y. P. 2014. Biofortification strategies to increase grain zinc and iron concentrations in wheat. J. Agr. Sci. Tech .Jast. 59: 3. 365-372.
    48. Wang L., Fan, L., Loescher, W. ., Duan, W., Liu, G., Cheng, J. ., Luo, H., and Li. S. 2010. Salicylic acid alleviates decreases in photosynthesis under heat stress and accelerates recovery in grapevine leaves. BMC. Plant. Biol. 10: 34. 34-48.
    49. Zarei, F., Shahriari, M.H., Nikkhah, R., Bayat, P., and Dindarlou, A. 2019. Growth and physiological responses of sweet basil to foliar application of chelate and nanochelate of potassium under deficit irrigation stress. J. Crop. Improv. 20: 4. 849-868.