Different Irrigation Periods and Density Efficacy on Azivash Plant Operation in Seed Taking Time

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

faculty member

Abstract

Background and Purpose: Azivash is a plant which grows well in tropical zones and it has been considered in the international studies because the different parts of this plant can be used. Azivash is a plant that grows well in tropical and subtropical zones and it is an African indigenous plant that has been developed to Asia, South Africa, and South Europe. Since this plant is an agricultural plant which is used in different ways as a fresh vegetable, salad, fresh or dried vegetable in a variety of foods including soup, it is considered as a medicinal herb for its different and useful vitamins. So, this study aims to investigate the different regimes of irrigation and density effects on growth and its performance in seed time in Gorgan's climatic conditions.
Materials and method: This experiment was conducted on Azivash at four bushe densities of 20, 27, 40 and 80 mm2 and with irrigation intervals 6, 12 and 18 days in three replications. Moreover, intervals of every row are considered as 25 cm and bush intervals on the row are determined as 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm. The plant's properties are measured in seed time. These factors included cutting energy, weight, and number of branches, bush height, and diameter.
Findings: Results showed that the maximum amount of all of factors except bush height was plant distance as 20 cm on each main row and irrigation intervals in every six days. Also, the maximum amount for all of factors except bush height was plant distance as 20 cm on each main row and irrigation intervals in every six days. For instance, the maximum amount of irrigation period was every 6 days for some factors such as cutting energy, leaf weight, number of branches, stem diameter, and plant height as 1.91 mJ, 63.15 g, 63.15, 8.153 cm and 137.667, respectively, and the minimum amount of irrigation period was every 18 days as 1.6mJ, 56.6g, 6.408cm and 123.58 cm, respectively.
Conclusion: As irrigation intervals increase, cutting energy, the number of branches, leaf weight and stem diameter in seed time decreases and as bush distances increase on the row, cutting energy, leaf weight amount, the number of branches, plant height and stem diameter increases and only the plant height decreases. Drought stress and density reduction on the row have a significant effect on the plant performance and increase its quality. The most appropriate distance in each row for Azivash was 20cm and the most favorable time for irrigation was every six days. Bush distance on the row and irrigation intervals significantly affected the performance and properties of Azivash.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Abubaker, S. 2008. Effect of Plant Density on Flowering Date, Yield and Quality Attribute of Bush Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) under Center Pivot Irrigation System. Am. J. Agric. Bio. Sci., 3(4): 666–668.
  2. Allavi, N., and Saeeid, M.S. 2009. The effect of of different planting density on yield and grain Sorghum in Bam. Sci. Techno. Agri. Nat. Resour., 12: 91–97.
  3. Aminifar, J., Mohsen Abadi, G., Beigloii, M., Sami zade, H. 2013. Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Yield, Yield components and Water Productivity of Soybean T. 2015 Cultivar. J. Irrig. Water Eng. 3: 24–34.
  4. Afsharmanesh, G., and Khodadadi, M. 2007. The effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer amounts on the performance of onion in Jiroft. J. Res. Dev. Agri. Hortic., 189–192.
  5. Azadbakht, M., Esmaeilzadeh, E., and Esmaeili-shayan, M. 2014. Energy Consumption during Impact Cutting of Canola Stalk as a Function of Moisture Content and Cutting Height. J. Sau Soc. Agric., 14(2): 147–152
  6. Azadbakht, M., Ghajarjazi, E., Barzanooni, E., Pourbagher, R., and Tajari, N. 2015. Effect of Irrigation Regimes and the Plant Density on Shear Strength and Physical Properties of Azivash (Corchorus Olitorius) Stem. Agric Eng Int. 17(3): 376–383
  7. Azadbakht, M., Ghorbani, M.H., Aldarvish, Z. and Hosseini, S.H. 2015. The Growth and Yield of the Plant Azivash (Corchorus Olitorious L.) in Various Densities and Irrigation Regimes. Agric. Eng. Int., 17(4): 121–129
  8. Azadbakht, M., and Pourbagher, R. 2015. Determining Some Physical Properties of Azivash (Corchorus Olitorious L.) Seed. Int. Agric. Eng. J. 17(3): 384–391
  9. Bandani M., and Jami Ahmadi, M. 2010. Spring safflower reaction to different irrigation intervals in Birjand Srayt. ran. J. Field Crops Res.. 8: 315–322.
  10. Biosci, I.J., Vaghar, M.S., Kobraee, S., Shamsi, K., and Behrooz, R. 2013. The Economic Yield Evaluation and Some of the Morphological Traits of Chickpea Cultivars under the Influence of Different Densities. Int. J. Biosci., 66: 232–244.
  11. Calisir, S., Ozcan, M., Hacıseferogulları, H., and m ugur Yıldız. 2005. A Study on Some Physico-Chemical Properties of Turkey Okra (Hibiscus Esculenta L.) Seeds. J. Food Eng., 68(1): 73–78.
  12. Carpici, E.B., and N. Celik. 2010. Determining Possible Relationships between Yield and Yield-Related Components in Forage Maize (Zea Mays L.) Using Correlation and Path Analyses. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 38(3): 280–285.
  13. Dauda, S.M., Ahmad, D., Khalina, A., and Jamarei, O. 2014. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Kenaf Stems at Varying Moisture Contents. Agric. Sci Proc., 2: 370–374
  14. Dickens, E.D., and Will, R.E. 2004. Planting Density Impacts on Slash Pine Stand Growth, Yield, Product Class Distribution, and Economics. Slash Pine: Still Growing and Growing! Proce. Slash Pine. Symp GTR-SRS-07: 36–44
  15. Eftekhari S., Rahimizadeh F., and Yarnaiy, M. 2012. The effect of planting density and different irrigation levels on yield and its components in maize Senekal Cross 304. J. Crop Sci., 5: 61.
  16. Esehaghbeygi, A., Hoseinzadeh, B., Khazaei, M., and Masoumi, A. 2009. Bending and shearing properties of wheat stem of alvand variety. World Appl Sci. J., 6(8): 1028–1032.
  17. Fatthi, A., and Javaheri, M. 2011. The effects of plant density and irrigation periods on growth idices of safflower. Agron. J., 47–52.
  18. Farahani, S., and Abdollahi, M. 2014. The effect of irrigation on the growth, yield and yield components of two Balangu of Mashhad and Urmia. Iran J. Field Crops Res., 12: 502–515 (In Persian).
  19. Fahime S. 2012. Effect of Irrigation Disruption and Biological Nitrogen on Growth and Flower Yield in Calendula Officinalis L. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11(21): 4795–4801.
  20. Fascella, G., Gugliuzza, G., Mammano, M.M., and Maggiore, P. 2015. Effect of Different rrigation Regimes on Yield and Quality of Hydroponic Cut Roses. Acta Hortic., 10: 259–263.
  21. Fujita, Y., Van Bodegom, P.M., and Witte, J.P.M. 2013. Relationships between Nutrient-Related Plant Traits and Combinations of Soil N and P Fertility Measures. PLoS ONE. 8(12):1-9.
  22. Ghajarjazi, E., Azadbakht, M., Kiyapei, A. 2016. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on physical properties and shear energy soybeans. J. Agric. Mach., 5: 19–26.
  23. Ganjeali, A., Kafi, M., and SAbet Teimouri M. 2010. Evaluation of root and shoot physiological indices in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress A. Environ Stresses. Crop Sci., 3: 35–45.
  24. Gemede, H.F., Haki, G.D., Beyene, F., Woldegiorgis, A.Z. and Rakshit, S.K. 2015. Proximate, Mineral, and Antinutrient Compositions of Indigenous Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) Pod Accessions: Implications for Mineral Bioavailability. Food Sci., Nut., 4 (2): 223-233.
  25. Handoussa, H., Hanafi, R., Eddiasty, I., El-Gendy, M., El Khatib, A., Linscheid, M., Mahran, L., and Ayoub, N. 2013. Anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Activities of Dietary Phenolics Isolated from Corchorus Olitorius and Vitis Vinifera. J. Fun. Foods, 5(3): 1204–1216.
  26. Hoseinzadeh, B., and Shirneshan, A. 2012. Bending and Shearing Characteristics of Canola Stem. American-Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci., 12(3): 275–281.
  27. Hussein, H.A., Metwally, A.K., Farghaly, K.A., and Bahawirth, M.A. 2011. Effect of Irrigation Interval (water Stress) on Vegetative Growth and Yield in Two Genotypes of Okra. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 5(12): 3024–3032.
  28. Hessini, K., Martinez, J.P., Gandour, M., Albouchi, A., Soltani, A., and Abdelly, C. 2009. Effect of Water Stress on Growth, Osmotic Adjustment, Cell Wall Elasticity and Water-Use Efficiency in Spartina Alterniflora. Environ. Exp. Bot., 67(2): 312–319.
  29. Ilhan, S., Savarouglu, F., and Colak, F. 2007. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Corchorus Olitorius L. (Molokhia) Extracts. Int. J. Nat. Eng., Sci. 1(3): 59–61.
  30. Jezowski, S., Adamski, T., and Surma, M. 1987. Diallel Analysis of Characters Determining Lodging Resistance of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.). 2. A Genetic Analysis of Morphological Characters of the Stem. J.Appl. Genet. 28(4): 341–350.
  31. Mojiri, A., and Arzani, A. 2004. The effect of different levels of nitrogen and plant density on yield and its components in sunflower. J. Sci. Techno. Agric. Natu. Res., 7: 115–124.
  32. NoorozPoor, G., and REzvani Moghaddam, P. 2006. Effect of different irrigation intervals and plant density on yield and yield components of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa). J. Iran. crops Res., 3: 305–315.
  33. Nakhjavani Moghaddam, M., Najafi, E., Sadrghaen, S., and Farhadi, E. 2011. Effect of Different Levels of Irrigation and Plant Density on Grain Yield and Yield Components and Water Use Efficiency in Maize cv. KSC 302. J. Crops Seed and Plant, 2: 73–90.
  34. Khademhamzeh, H., Karimie, M., Rezaie, A., and Ahmadi, M. 2004. Effect of plant Density and Planting Date on Agronomic Characteristics, Yield and Yield Components in Soybean H. Iran. J. Agric. Sci., 35(3): 57–367.(In Persian).
  35. Kochaki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Azizi, G. 2007. The effect of different irrigation intervals and plant densities on yield and yield components of two fennel (Foenicolum vulgare) landraces. J. Agric. Res., 1: 131–140.
  36. Khorshidi, J., Fakhr Tabatabaie, M., Omidbaigi, R., and Sefidkon, F. 2009. The effect of different densities of planting on morphological characters, yield, and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill. Cv. Soroksary). J. Agric. Sci 1(2): 66–73.
  37. Koloor, R.T., and Borgheie, A. 2006. Measuring the Static and Dynamic Cutting Force of Stems for Iranian Rice Varieties. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 8: 193–198.
  38. Lamm, F. 2003. Corn Production As Related To Sprinkler Irrigation Capacity Corn ET (Inches / Day). In First Presented at the 16th Annual Central Plains Irrigation Conference, Kearney, Nebraska, 23–36.
  39. Li, C.J., Huang, S.Y., Wu, M.Y., Chen, Y.C., Tsang, S.F., Chyuan, J.H., and Hsu, H.Y. 2012. Induction of Apoptosis by Ethanolic Extract of Corchorus Olitorius Leaf in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells via a Mitochondria-Dependent Pathway. Molecules, 17(8): 9348–9360.
  40. Lin, S.K., Lin, J., Liu, Q.L., Ai, Y.F., Ke, Y.Q., Chen, C., Zhang, Z.Y., and He, H. 2014. Time-Course of Photosynthesis and Non-Structural Carbon Compounds in the Leaves of Tea Plants (Camellia Sinensis L.) in Response to Deficit Irrigation. Agric. Water Manage., 144: 98–106.
  41. Lin, X., Zhou, W., Zhu, D., and Zhang, Y. 2005. Effect of SWD Irrigation on Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Field Crops Res., 94(1): 67–75.44
  42. Loumerem, M., and A. Alercia. 2016. Descriptors for Jute (Corchorus Olitorius L.). Gen. Res. Crop Evol., 63(7): 1103–1111.
  43. Lourduraj, C.A. 2000. Effect Of Irrigation And Manure Application On The Growth And Yield Of Groundnut. Acta Agron. Hun., 48(1): 83–88.
  44. Ma, A. 2015. Effects of Irrigation Frequency and Manure on Growth Parameters, Crop Coefficient and Yield of Okro (Abelmoscus esculeutus). J. Env. Earth Sci., 5(18): 1–6.
  45. Mashreghi, M., Khavari Khorasani, S., and Souhani Darban, A.R. 2014. Effect of different planting method and plant density on yield and morphological traits of fodder maize in two planting dates. Life Sci. J., 11: 207–213.
  46. Mekdad, A., and Rady, M. 2016. Productivity Response to Plant Density in Five Sorghum Bicolor Varieties in Dry Environments. Ann. Agric. Crop Sci., 1(2): 1–7.
  47. Mguis, K., Albouchi, A., and Ben Brahim, N. 2014. Germination responses of Corchorus olitorius L. to salinity and temperature. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 9(1): 65–73.
  48. Nkomo, M., and Kambizi, L. 2009. Effects of Pre-Chilling and Temperature on Seed Germination of Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae) (Jew’s Mallow), a Wild Leafy Vegetable. Afr. J. Biotechn., 8(6): 1078–1081.
  49. Olawuyi, P.O., Falusi, O.A., Oluwajobi, A.O., and Azeez, R.A.  2014. Chromosome Studies in Jute Plant (Corchorus olitorius). Eur. J. Biotechnol. Biosci., 2(1): 1–3.
  50. Olson, M.E., and Rosell, J.A. 2013. Vessel diameter-stem diameter scaling across woody angiosperms and the ecological causes of xylem vessel diameter variation. New Phytol., 197(4): 1204–1213.
  51. Osawaru, M.E., Ogwu, M.C., Ogbeifun, N.S., and 1Chime, A.O. 2013. Microflora diversity on the phyloplane of wild okra. Bayer J. Pure. Appl. Sci., 6(2): 136–142.
  52. Panjeh Koob, A., Galeshi, S, Zeinal, E., and Ghagari, A. 2007. The effect of late planting date and plant density on yield and yield components of cotton variety siokra. J. Agric. Sci. Res., 13: 25–33.
  53. Pelit, S., Yildiz, M. Telci, C., and Önol, B. 2011. The effect of in vitro competition on callus formation and shoot regeneration from mature embryos of wheat (Triticum Sp.). Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 22: S45–S46.
  54. Rossi, S., Simard, S., Rathgeber, C.B.K., Deslauriers, A., and Zan, C.De. 2009. Effects of a 20-day-long dry period on cambial and apical meristem growth in abies balsamea seedlings. Trees - Struct. Fun., 23(1): 85–93.56
  55. Sani, B.M., Oluwasemire, K.O., and Mohammed, H.I. 2008. Effect of Irrigation and Plant Density on the Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Early Maize in the. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 3(2): 33–40.
  56. Shamsi, K. 2010. The Effect of sowing date and row spacing on yield and yield components on hashem chickpea Variety under Rainfed Condition. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 9: 7-11
  57. Shirazi, S.M., Sholichin, M., Jameel, M., Akib, S., and Azizi, M. 2011. Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes and Nitrogenous Fertilizer on Yield and Growth Parameters of Maize. Int J.  Physiolo. Sci., 6(4): 677–683
  58. Singh, R., Singh, S., Sharma, B., and Kumar, J. 2016. Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen on Plant Growth and Stalk Yield of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Flexuosos S.). Int. J. Soc. Trop. Plant Res., 3: 460–462.
  59. Tabo, R., Olabanji, O.G., Ajayi, O., Bakin, S., and Road. Z. 2002. Effect of plant population density on the growth and yield of sorghum varieties grown on a vertisol. Afri.Crop Sci. J., 10(1): 31–38.
  60. Taiwo, B.J., Taiwo, G.O., Olubiyi, O.O., and Fatokun, A.A. 2016. Polyphenolic compounds with anti-tumour potential from Corchorus olitorius (L.) Tiliaceae, a nigerian leaf vegetable. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 26(15): 3404–3410.
  61. Tavosi, M., Mosavifazl, S.M.H., and Dehghani, A. 2015. Effects folder soil polyethylene and sowing date on maturity, yield and grow okra. J. Crop Prod. Process., 5(16): 259–268.
  62. Taweesak, V., Lee Abdullah, T., Hassan, S.A., Kamarulzaman, N.H., and Wan Yusoff, W.A. 2014. Growth and flowering responses of cut chrysanthemum grown under restricted root volume to irrigation frequency. Sci World. J., 1-6.
  63. Torabiyan, A., reza saffar, V., and Maghsoodi mud, A.A. 2016. The Effect of irrigation with wastewater on the quality of gumbo. J. Crop Prod. Process., 5(15): 37–45.
  64. Tulio, A.Z., Ose, K., Chachin, K., and Ueda, Y. 2002. Effects of storage temperatures on the postharvest quality of jute leaves (Corchorus olitorius L.). Postharvest Biol. Technol., 26(3): 329–338.
  65. Turan, A., Ucar, Y., and Kazaz, S. 2015. Effects of different irrigation treatments on quality parameters of cut chrysanthemum. Scien. Papers - Series B, Hort. LIX, 419–426.
  66. Turbin, V.A., Sokolov, A.S., Kosterna, E.,  and Rosa, R. 2014. Effect of plant density on the growth, development and yield of brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Gemmifera L.). Acta Agrob., 67 (4): 51–58.
  67. Vafadar, L., Ebadi, A., and Sajed, K. 2008. Effects of sowing date and plant density on yield and some traits of Sugar beet genotypes. Elec J. Crop Prod. 1:103–120. (In Persian).
  68. Will, R.E., Narahari, N.V., Shiver, B.D., and Teskey, R.O. 2005. Effects of planting density on canopy dynamics and stem growth for intensively managed loblolly pine stands. For. Ecol. Manage., 205(1-3): 29–41.69
  69. Xiao, C.L., and Subbarao, K.V. 2000. Effects of irrigation and Verticillium dahliae on cauliflower root and shoot growth dynamics. J. Phytopathol., 90(9): 995–1004.
  70. Xiao, S., Chen, S.-Y., Zhao, L.-Q., and Wang, G. 2006. Density Effects on plant height growth and inequality in sunflower populations. J. Integr. Plant Biol., 48(5): 513–519.
  71. Xiukang, W., and Yingying, X. 2016. Evaluation of the effect of irrigation and fertilization by drip fertigation on tomato yield and water use efficiency in greenhouse. Int. J. Agron., 1-10.
  72. Yan, Y.Y., Wang, Y.W., Chen, S.L., Zhuang, S.R., and Wang, C.K. 2013. Anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic crude extracts from five fractions of Corchorus Olitorius L. Food Chem., 138(2-3): 1008–1014.
  73. Zamaniyan, M., and Najafi, E. 2003. The effect of density on performance traits row and morphological traits in corn silage and 704. Seed. Plant J., 2: 200–214.
  74. Zeid, A.H.S.A. 2002. Stress metabolites from Corchorus olitorius L. leaves in response to certain stress agents. Food Chem., 76(2): 187–195.

75. Zibelo, H. 2016. Effect of inter-and intra-row spacing on growth and yield of okra [abelmoschus esculentus (l.) moench] at humera, Northern. J. Biol Agric. Healthcar, 6(3): 92–108.

Journal of Crop Production
Volume 12, Issue 1
June 2019
Pages 47-62

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics