اثر کشت مخلوط لوبیا چیتی و گندم سیاه بر جذب عناصر غذایی، شاخص‌های سودمندی و مهار علف‌های هرز در شرایط کاربرد مایکوریزا

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آگروتکنولوژی گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشکده کشاوری دانشگاه یلسوج دانشگاه یاسوج

2 استاد، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوج

3 دانش‌آموخته ارشد اگروتکنولوژی- فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوج

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: امروزه کشاورزی با چالش‌هایی مانند کاهش حاصلخیزی خاک و محدودیت منابع آب مواجه است، بنابراین بهره‌گیری از الگوهای کشت پایدار ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. کشت مخلوط با افزایش تنوع زیستی موجب بهره‌وری مطلوب از منابع و کاهش فشار علف‌های هرز می‌شود. کشت مخلوط لوبیا چیتی (با توان تثبیت نیتروژن) و گندم سیاه (با رشد سریع و قدرت رقابتی بالا) می‌تواند عملکرد، کیفیت و پایداری زراعی را ارتقا دهد. همچنین، قارچ‌ مایکوریزا به‌عنوان کود زیستی، باعث بهبود جذب عناصر غذایی و افزایش تحمل گیاه می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی تأثیر کشت مخلوط لوبیا چیتی–گندم سیاه و تلقیح مایکوریزا بر عملکرد، تغذیه گیاه و کنترل زیستی علف‌های هرز انجام شد.

مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل دو عاملی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در سال 1402 اجرا شد. عامل‌ اول آزمایش الگوهای کشت (کشت خالص لوبیا چیتی (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) بدون کنترل علف‌های هرز، کشت خالص لوبیا چیتی با کنترل علف‌های هرز، کشت خالص گندم سیاه (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) بدون کنترل علفهای هرز، کشت مخلوط لوبیا چیتی با 30، 60 و 90 درصد تراکم گندم سیاه بدون کنترل علف‌های هرز) و عامل دوم شامل کاربرد و عدم کاربرد کود زیستی مایکوریزا بود. در ادامه میزان جذب عناصر غذایی، عملکرد هر دو گیاه، زیست‌توده علف‌های هرز، نسبت برابری زمین و کاهش یا افزایش عملکرد واقعی ارزیابی شد.

یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار عناصر غذایی و بالاترین عملکرد لوبیا چیتی از کشت خالص این گیاه همراه با کنترل علف‌های هرز به دست آمد. در میان تیمارهای مخلوط، ترکیب لوبیا چیتی با 60 درصد تراکم گندم سیاه بدون کنترل علف‌های هرز عملکرد بالاتری نسبت به سایر تیمارهای مخلوط داشت. در مورد گندم سیاه، کشت خالص بدون کنترل علف‌های هرز بیشترین عملکرد را ایجاد کرد و پس از آن کشت مخلوط لوبیا چیتی با 90 درصد تراکم گندم سیاه در رتبه بعدی قرار گرفت. افزایش تراکم گندم سیاه در کشت مخلوط منجر به کاهش چشمگیر زیست‌توده علف‌های هرز گردید که این امر بیانگر توان رقابتی بالای گندم سیاه در کنترل علف‌های هرز است. کاربرد قارچ مایکوریزا نیز تأثیر مثبت بر افزایش جذب عناصر غذایی، بهبود عملکرد لوبیا چیتی و گندم سیاه و کاهش زیست‌توده علف‌های هرز داشت. شاخص نسبت برابری زمین در تمامی الگوهای کشت مخلوط مورد ارزیابی در این آزمایش بیش از یک بود که نشان‌دهنده برتری کشت مخلوط نسبت به کشت خالص از نظر کارایی استفاده از منابع و پایداری تولید است.

نتیجه‌گیری: این پژوهش نشان داد که کشت مخلوط افزایشی لوبیا چیتی با تراکم 60 درصد گندم سیاه همراه با کاربرد قارچ مایکوریزا می‌تواند رویکردی مؤثر برای کاهش زیست‌توده علف‌های هرز، افزایش جذب عناصر غذایی، بهبود عملکرد و ارتقای شاخص‌های سودمندی باشد. این ترکیب زراعی نه‌تنها به افزایش پایداری تولید لوبیا چیتی کمک می‌کند، بلکه به‌عنوان راهکاری زیست‌سازگار و پایدار برای مدیریت علف‌های هرز و بهره‌برداری بهینه از منابع در کشاورزی پایدار پیشنهاد می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Intercropping of Pinto Bean and Buckwheat on Nutrient Uptake, Beneficial Indices, and Weed Competition Reduction under Mycorrhizal Inoculation Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maezieh Taheri 1
  • Alireza Yadavi 2
  • Mohden Movahhedi Dehnavi 2
  • Hamidreza Balouchi 2
  • Hamid Alahdadi 3
1 MSc Student of Agrothechnology, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University.
2 Professor, Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University
3 Graduated M.Sc. Student in Agrotechnology-Crop Physiology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Modern agriculture faces challenges such as soil fertility depletion and limited water resources. Therefore, the adoption of sustainable cropping systems is essential. Mixed cropping, by enhancing biodiversity, optimizes resource use and reduces weed pressure. The mixed cropping of pinto bean (with nitrogen-fixing ability) and buckwheat (with rapid growth and high competitive ability) can improve productivity, quality, and agricultural sustainability. Furthermore, mycorrhizal fungi, as a biological fertilizer, enhance nutrient uptake and increase plant tolerance. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of mixed cropping of pinto bean–buckwheat and mycorrhizal inoculation on crop performance, plant nutrition, and biological weed control.

Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a 2-factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2023. The first factor consisted of cropping patterns (pure pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) without weed control, pure pinto bean with weed control, pure buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) without weed control, and mixed pinto bean with 30%, 60%, and 90% buckwheat density without weed control). The second factor was the application of mycorrhizal inoculant versus no inoculant. Nutrient uptake, yield of both crops, weed biomass, land equivalent ratio (LER), and the increase or decrease in actual yield were then assessed.

Results: The results showed that the highest nutrient uptake and the greatest pinto bean yield were obtained from the pure pinto bean crop with weed control. Among the mixed cropping treatments, the combination of pinto bean with 60% buckwheat density without weed control had higher yield than the other treatments. For buckwheat, the highest yield was achieved from the pure buckwheat crop without weed control, followed by the mixed cropping of pinto bean with 90% buckwheat density. Increasing the buckwheat density in the mixed cropping system significantly reduced weed biomass, indicating the high competitive ability of buckwheat in weed suppression. The application of mycorrhizal fungi also had a positive effect on nutrient uptake, improved pinto bean and buckwheat yields, and reduced weed biomass. The land equivalent ratio (LER) in all mixed cropping patterns evaluated in this study was greater than one, indicating the superiority of mixed cropping over pure cropping in terms of resource use efficiency and production sustainability.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that mixed cropping of pinto bean with 60% buckwheat density, combined with mycorrhizal inoculation, can be an effective approach to reduce weed biomass, enhance nutrient uptake, improve yields, and increase beneficial indices. This cropping combination not only contributes to the sustainability of pinto bean production but also presents an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution for weed management and optimal resource utilization in sustainable agriculture.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Weed biomass
  • Harvest index
  • Beneficial indices
  • Additive intercropping
  • Biofertilizer
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