بررسی روش‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی بر رشد و عملکرد چند رقم عدس دیم پاییزه در کرمانشاه

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد رشته اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: حبوبات به‌ویژه عدس به‌عنوان دومین منبع مهم غذایی انسان، نقش کلیدی در تأمین پروتئین و بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک دارند. باتوجه‌به چالش‌های تغییرات اقلیمی و کاهش منابع آب، بررسی روش‌های خاک‌ورزی بهینه برای تعدیل شرایط محیطی و افزایش عملکرد عدس دیم ضروری است. این پژوهش باهدف ارزیابی تأثیر روش‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی بر رشد و عملکرد ارقام عدس دیم پاییزه در شرایط دیم کرمانشاه انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به‌منظور بررسی اثر روش خاک‌ورزی بر عملکرد و اجزا عملکرد عدس آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه اجرا شد. کرت‌های اصلی در سه سطح شامل بی خاک‌ورزی، کم خاک‌ورزی و خاک‌ورزی مرسوم و کرت‌های فرعی شامل پنج رقم عدس (گچساران، بیله‌سوار، سپهر، کیمیا و محلی) بودند. میزان مصرف بذر 80 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. هر کرت شامل 5 ردیف کاشت با طول 5/4 متر و فاصله ردیف 17 سانتی‌متر بود. فاصله بین دو کرت 50 سانتی‌متر در نظر گرفته شد. زمین محل اجرای آزمایش در سه سال گذشته تحت کشت حفاظتی بوده و سه گیاه کاملینا، نخود و گلرنگ به‌صورت دیم در آن کشت شده بود. جهت بلوک‌ها به‌صورت شرقی-غربی عمود بر شیب زمین در نظر گرفته شد. وجین علف‌های هرز در طی فصل رشد دو بار (قبل و بعد از گلدهی) به‌صورت دستی انجام گرفت. ویژگی‌های ارتفاع بوته، شاخص سطح برگ، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد زیستی، شاخص برداشت، تعداد نیام در بوته و تعداد دانه در نیام، پوشش سطح سبز مزرعه، پروتئین دانه و صفات فنولوژیک اندازه‌گیری شدند. قبل از تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها، آزمون نرمال بودن داده‌ها با استفاده از آزمون کلموگروف-اسمیرونوف و همگنی واریانس تیمارها با استفاده از آزمون لون به کمک نرم‌افزار SPSS 25، در سطح 5 درصد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در این تحقیق برای مقایسه میانگین از آزمون LSD در سطح احتمال 5 درصد و برای رسم نمودارها از نرم‌افزار اکسل استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که روش‌های خاک‌ورزی تأثیر معنی‌داری بر رشد و عملکرد عدس داشتند. روش کم خاک‌ورزی با میانگین عملکرد دانه ۸۹۸ کیلوگرم در هکتار در رقم بیله‌سوار، نسبت به خاک‌ورزی مرسوم (۸۰۵ کیلوگرم در هکتار) و بی خاک‌ورزی (۷۱۰ کیلوگرم در هکتار) برتری معنی‌داری نشان داد. روش کم خاک‌ورزی همچنین موجب افزایش ۱۵ درصدی شاخص سطح برگ و ۲۰ درصدی تعداد نیام در بوته نسبت به روش ‌خاک‌ورزی مرسوم شد. از طرفی، خاک‌ورزی مرسوممنجر به افزایش ۱۰ درصدی پوشش سبز مزرعه گردید. اگرچه ویژگی‌های کیفی (درصد پروتئین و شاخص برداشت) تحت تأثیر روش خاک‌ورزی قرار نگرفتند، اما تفاوت معنی‌داری بین ارقام مشاهده شد. رقم بیله‌سوار با 2/27 درصد پروتئین و شاخص برداشت 85/35 درصد، بهترین عملکرد را نشان داد. درحالی‌که رقم محلی با 40/23 درصد پروتئین و شاخص برداشت 62/30 درصد در رتبه پایین‌تری قرار گرفت. بررسی صفات فنولوژیک نشان داد که روش کم خاک‌ورزی دوره رشد تا رسیدگی را ۷-۱۰ روز نسبت به روش مرسوم افزایش داد که این امر احتمالاً ناشی از حفظ بهتر رطوبت خاک در این روش بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های این پژوهش به‌روشنی نشان داد روش کم خاک‌ورزی با مزایای متعددی از جمله افزایش عملکرد دانه (به‌طور متوسط ۱۲ درصد)، بهبود شاخص‌های رشد و حفظ بهتر رطوبت خاک، گزینه برتر برای کشت عدس دیم در منطقه کرمانشاه محسوب می‌شود. همچنین، رقم بیله‌سوار با برتری در عملکرد کمی و کیفی، رقم مناسب برای کشت در این شرایط تشخیص داده شد. این نتایج می‌تواند مبنای علمی مناسبی برای توسعه کشت پایدار عدس در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک کشور باشد. ترکیب روش کم خاک‌ورزی با ارقام پربازده می‌تواند ضمن کاهش هزینه‌های تولید، امنیت غذایی منطقه را نیز بهبود بخشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Different Tillage Methods on Growth and Yield of Several Rainfed Autumn Lentil Cultivars in Kermanshah

نویسندگان [English]

  • Rauf Ghanbari 1
  • Gholamreza Mohammadi 2
  • Hamidreza Chaghazardi 3
1 Msc. of Ecology (Agroecology), Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and Objectives: Legumes, particularly lentils, serve as the second most important food source for humans, playing a key role in providing protein and enhancing soil fertility. Given the challenges of climate change and declining water resources, optimizing tillage systems to improve rainfed lentil yield is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different tillage systems on the growth and yield of winter-sown rainfed lentil cultivars under dryland conditions in Kermanshah.
Materials and Methods: A split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah. Main plots consisted of three tillage systems (no-tillage, minimum tillage, and conventional tillage), while subplots included five lentil cultivars (Gachsaran, Bileh Swar, Sepehr, Kimia, and a local). Seeds were sown at a density of 80 kg/ha. Each plot comprised five 4.5-meter-long rows with 17 cm spacing and 50 cm between plots. The experimental field had been under conservation agriculture for the past three years, with previous crops being camelina, chickpea, and safflower under rainfed conditions. Weed control was performed manually twice during the growing season. Measured traits included plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain and biological yield, harvest index, pods per plant, seeds per pod, ground cover, seed protein content, and phenological characteristics. Data normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and homogeneity of variances (Levene’s test) were assessed at a 5% significance level using SPSS 25. Mean comparisons were conducted using LSD at a 5% probability level, and graphs were generated using Excel.
Results: Tillage systems significantly influenced lentil growth and yield. Minimum tillage, with an average grain yield of 898 kg/ha in the Bileh Swar cultivar, outperformed conventional tillage (805 kg/ha) and no-tillage (710 kg/ha). Minimum tillage also increased LAI by 15% and pods per plant by 20% compared to conventional tillage. Although conventional tillage enhanced ground cover by 10%, it required higher energy input and caused more significant soil degradation. Although tillage methods did not affect qualitative traits (grain protein content and harvest index), significant differences were observed among the cultivars. Bileh Swar exhibited the highest seed protein content (27.2%) and harvest index (35.85%), while the local landrace had the lowest (23.4% protein and 30.62% harvest index). Phenological analysis revealed that minimum tillage extended the growth period by 7-10 days compared to conventional tillage, likely due to better soil moisture retention.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that minimum tillage, with advantages such as increased grain yield (12% on average), improved growth indices, and enhanced soil moisture conservation, is the superior system for rainfed lentil cultivation in Kermanshah. Additionally, the Bileh Swar cultivar, with its high quantitative and qualitative performance, was the most suitable for these conditions. These results provide a scientific basis for promoting sustainable lentil production in arid and semi-arid regions. Combining minimum tillage with high-yielding cultivars can reduce production costs while enhancing regional food security.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conservation tillage
  • Ground cover
  • Leaf area index
  • Legumes
  • Soil moisture

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