تعیین مناسب ترین میزان آب مصرفی و نیتروژن ذرت دانه ای در شهر شیروان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیروان

2 استادیار و عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیروان، ایران،

3 استادیار و عضو هیات‌علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بجنورد، ایران،

4 استادیاروعضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بجنورد

چکیده

مقدمه: آب و نیتروژن به‌عنوان دو عامل اصلی محدودکننده دستیابی به حداکثر محصول در کشاورزی شناخته شده‌اند. به همین دلیل، استفاده از کود نیتروژن در افزایش محصولات کشاورزی سهم بسزایی دارد. با این حال، مصرف بی‌رویه این کودها ممکن است به‌ دلیل کارایی پایین آنها باشد. بنابراین، بررسی چالش‌های موجود در خصوص کمبود منابع آب و مدیریت نامناسب مصرف نیتروژن بسیار مهم است. در این پژوهش، با توجه به چالش‌های موجود در خصوص کمبود منابع آب و مدیریت نامناسب مصرف نیتروژن، بررسی صورت گرفته است.
مواد و روش‌ها: این آزمایش در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشـگاه آزاد شیروان در سال‌های زراعی 1399 و 1400 اجرا شد. این آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده نواری در سه تکرار و در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی انجام گرفت. سه سطح 50، 75 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به‌‌عنوان کرت اصلی و پنج سطح صفر (N0)، 100 (N100)،200 (N200)، 300 (N300)، و 400 (N400) کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در کرت‌های فرعی در نظر گرفته شد.
یافته‌ها: اکثر صفات مربوط به اجزای عملکرد در سال دوم مقادیر بالاتری نسبت به سال اول اجرای آزمایش داشتند. همچنین ارتفاع بوته، وزن دانه، تعداد ردیف در بلال و تعداد دانه در ردیف در تیمار 100 درصد نیاز آبی نسبت به تیمار 50 درصد نیاز آبی، برتری داشتند. تیمار کاربرد 400 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود نیتروژن، ارتفاع بوته 4/24 درصد، تعداد ردیف در بلال 6/24 درصد، دانه در ردیف 8/23 درصد، وزن صددانه 24 درصد، عملکرد بیولوژیک 2/24 درصد نسبت به تیمار عدم کاربرد کود نیتروژن برتری داشتند.
نتیجه گیری نهایی: افزایش مصرف کود نیتروژن منجر به بهبود عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گردیده است تنها عاملی که در اثر کاربرد مقدار آب بیش‌تر کاهش یافته است کارایی مصرف آب است. عملکرد دانه در شرایط 100 درصد نیاز آبی 38 درصد بیش‌تر از شرایط 50 درصد نیاز آبی بود. تفاوت بین دو تیمار 100 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی برای عملکرد بیولوژیک در سال اول 5/49 درصد و در سال دوم 24 درصد بود. همچنین با افزایش کاربرد کود نیتروژن، عملکرد دانه نیز روند افزایشی داشت با این حال به ویژه در سال دوم بین تیمار 300 و 400 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن اختلاف آماری معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد بنابراین برای دستیابی به عملکرد مناسب مقادیر 300 کیلوگرم در هکتار قابل توصیه است. کارایی مصرف کود تحت تاثیر نیاز آبی قرار گرفت، به‌طوری که در مقدار مشخص کود نیتروژن (به‌طور مثال 100 کیلوگرم کود) کارایی مصرف نیتروژن در شرایط تامین 100 درصد نیاز آبی به‌طور معنی‌داری بالاتر از شرایط 50 درصد نیاز آبی بود. در تیمار کاربرد 100 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن کارایی مصرف نیتروژن در تیمار 100 درصد نیاز آبی 5/111 و در تیمار 50 درصد نیاز آبی 3/74 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم بود و با کاهش مصرف آب، کارایی نیتروژن 33 درصد کاهش یافت. در شرایطی که آب کافی در اختیار کشاورزان برای آبیاری وجود ندارد نباید از کود نیتروژن به میزان بالا استفاده نمایند چون بازدهی چندانی ندارد و تنها منجر به آلودگی محیط زیست و هدر رفت سرمایه خواهد شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Determining the optimal amount of water and nitrogen fertilizer to achieve the best performance and water use efficiency of corn in Shirvan city.

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mosayeb Dastkhosh 1
  • Maryam Tatari 2
  • Hamid Hatami 3
  • Majid Rahimizadeh 4
1 PhD student of Islamic Azad University, Shirvan branch
2 Assistant professor and faculty member of Islamic Azad University, Shirvan branch, Iran.
3 Assistant professor and faculty member of Islamic Azad University, Bojnoord branch, Iran.
4 Assistant professor and faculty member of Islamic Azad University, Bojnord branch
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Water and nitrogen are known as the two main limiting factors in achieving maximum yield in agriculture. Therefore, the use of nitrogen fertilizer plays a significant role in increasing agricultural production. However, the indiscriminate use of these fertilizers may be due to their low efficiency. Therefore, investigating the challenges of water scarcity and improper nitrogen use management is crucial. In this study, considering the challenges of water scarcity and improper nitrogen use management, an investigation has been conducted.
Materials and Methods:This experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Agriculture Faculty of Shirvan Azad University during the agricultural year of 1399-1400. The experiment was carried out in the form of strip plots in three replicates and in a complete randomized block design. Three levels of 50%, 75%, and 100% of plant water requirement were considered as the main plot and five levels of zero (N0), 100 (N100), 200 (N200), 300 (N300), and 400 (N400) kilograms of nitrogen per hectare were considered in the subplots.
Results:Most attributes related to yield components had higher values during the second year in comparison with the first year of the experiment. Moreover, plant height, grain weight, rows per cob and kernels per row in the 100% water requirement were greater compared with the 50% water requirement treatment. As a result of 400 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer application, plant height, rows per cob, kernels per row, 100-grain weight and biological yield increased by 24.4%, 24.6%, 23.8%, 24% and 24.2% compared with the nitrogen-free treatment, respectively.
Conclusion:Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application leads to an improvement in yield and yield components. The only factor that decreased with increased water supply was water use efficiency. Grain yield under 100% water requirement was 38% more than that of 50% water requirement treatment. The difference between 100% and 50% water requirement treatments in terms of the biological yield was 49.5% in the first and 24% in the second year. Also, increased nitrogen fertilizer application led to increased grain yield. However, no significant difference was observed between 300 and 400 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer treatments, especially in the second year. Therefore, a 300 kg/ha fertilizer application is recommended to achieve a suitable yield. Fertilizer use efficiency was affected by water requirement so that nitrogen use efficiency under 100% water requirement supply at a given nitrogen fertilizer level (e.g. 100 kg/ha) was significantly higher than that of 50% water requirement conditions. Under 100 kg/ha nitrogen application, nitrogen use efficiency in 100% water requirement treatment was 111.5 and in 50% water requirement treatment was 74.3 kg/ha. Thus, nitrogen use efficiency declined by 33% due to decreased water use. Therefore, it can be concluded that in conditions where sufficient water is not available for irrigation, farmers should not use excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizer because it has little efficiency and only leads to environmental pollution and capital waste.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Corn
  • nitrogen fertilizer
  • regression
  • water requirement
  • yield and yield components

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 17، شماره 1
فروردین 1403
صفحه 39-58

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