مقایسه عملکرد دانه و زیست‌توده ارزن‌های مرواریدی و پروسو در شرایط کشت آبی و دیم و در تاریخ‌های مختلف کشت

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی- پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران.

3 پژوهشگر، موسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: ارزن‌ها گروهی از غلات دانه‌ریز هستند که به‌دلیل توانایی تحمل تنش خشکی، نیاز آبی اندک و کارآیی زیاد در استفاده از آب، می‌توانند در کشت‌های آبی و دیم مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک تولید علوفه خوب و پایداری داشته باشند. با این حال، اطلاعات اندکی از مدیریت کشت آنها در شرایط دیم مناطق مدیترانه‌ای در دسترس است. بنابراین، پژوهش کنونی با هدف مقایسه عملکرد دانه و زیست‌توده دو گونه ارزن مرواریدی (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) و پروسو (Panicum miliaceum L.) در شرایط کشت آبی و دیم در رشت و در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه گیلان انجام شد.
مواد و روش ها: این آزمایش به صورت کرت‌های یک بار خرد شده فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار اجرا شد. در این پژوهش دو رژیم آبیاری (دیم و فاریاب) در کرت‌های اصلی و ترکیب دو ارزن مرواریدی (رقم مهران) و پروسو (رقم پیشاهنگ) و چهار تاریخ کشت (14 خرداد، 16 تیر، 14 مرداد و 15 شهریور) به صورت فاکتوریل در کرت‌های فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند.
یافته ها: تجزیه واریانس داده‌ها نشان داد که برهمکنش تاریخ‌کاشت و رژیم آبیاری و همچنین، برهمکنش تاریخ کاشت و رقم از نظر آماری بر عملکرد زیست‌توده، عملکرد دانه، ماده خشک خوشه، تعداد دانه پر و وزن هزار دانه تاثیر معنی‌دار داشته اند. مقایسه میانگین داده‌های برهمکنش رژیم آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت نشان داد که در هر دو رژیم آبیاری مورد مطالعه، با تاخیر در کاشت از 14 خرداد به 15 شهریور از میانگین عملکرد دانه و زیست توده کاسته می‌شود. با این حال، نتایج متفاوتی در تاریخ‌های کاشت به دست آمد. در تاریخ‌های کاشت 14 خرداد، 14 مرداد و 15 شهریور، میانگین عملکرد دانه و زیست‌توده در کشت آبی و دیم مشابه بود اما در تاریخ کاشت 16 تیر و در کشت دیم، به دلیل کاهش شدید بارش‌ها (24 درصد) و عدم تامین نیاز آبی گیاهان، عملکرد دانه و زیست توده به طور چشمگیری کاهش یافت. بررسی برهمکنش رقم و تاریخ کاشت نشان داد که ارزن مرواریدی مهران در مقایسه با ارزن پروسو رقم پیشاهنگ توانایی بیشتری در تولید عملکرد دانه و زیست توده دارد. در ارزن مهران بیشترین عملکرد دانه و زیست توده به صورت مشترک از تاریخ‌های کاشت 14 خرداد (به ترتیب عملکرد دانه و زیست توده 1365.76 و 7261.05 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و 16 تیر (به ترتیب عملکرد دانه و زیست توده 1290.91 و 7240.42 کیلوگرم در هکتار) به دست آمد. در ارزن پروسو رقم پیشاهنگ بیشترین عملکرد دانه و زیست توده به ترتیب با میانگین 1165.66 و 6349.91 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تاریخ کاشت 14 خرداد ثبت شد.
نتیجه گیری: در مجموع به دلیل برتری ارزن مرواریدی (رقم مهران) در همه ویژگی‌های مورد در مقایسه با ارزن پروسو (رقم پیشاهنگ) و عدم تفاوت عملکرد دانه و زیست‌توده آن در تاریخ کشت 14 خرداد در هر دو رژیم آبیاری دیم و فاریاب که بیانگر همنوایی مناسب مراحل رشد و نمو گیاه با شرایط مطلوب محیطی است، پیشنهاد می‌شود برای صرفه جویی در مصرف آب، این گیاه به صورت دیم در تاریخ 14 خرداد کشت شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of grain and forage yields of pearl millet and proso millet under irrigated and rainfed conditions across sowing dates

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Ghorbannezhad 1
  • Mohsen Zavareh 2
  • Mohammad Rahmani 3
1 Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan.
2 Dept. of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan.
3 Researcher, Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Millets, a group of small-seeded cereals, exhibit remarkable performance in arid and semi-arid regions due to their high drought tolerance, low water requirements, and efficient water use. They are capable of producing substantial and stable forage yields under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. However, there is limited information on the management of millet cultivation under rainfed conditions in Mediterranean regions. This study aimed to compare the grain and forage yields of two millet species, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), under irrigated and rainfed conditions in Rasht.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted during the 2018-2019 growing season at the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, using a split-plot factorial design within a randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots consisted of two irrigation regimes (rainfed and irrigated), and the sub-plots comprised a combination of two millet species (pearl millet cv. Mehran and proso millet cv. Pishahang) and four sowing dates (June 4, July 7, August 5, and September 6).
Results: Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction between sowing date and irrigation regime, as well as the interaction between sowing date and species, significantly affected biomass yield, grain yield, panicle dry matter, number of filled grains, and thousand-grain weight. The number of panicles per plant was significantly influenced by the interaction between sowing date and species. The comparison of mean interaction effects of irrigation regime and sowing date indicated that in both irrigation regimes, delaying sowing from June 4 to September 6 led to a decrease in average grain and biomass yields. However, the results varied across different sowing dates. Specifically, on June 4, August 5, and September 6, the average grain and biomass yields under both irrigated and rainfed conditions were similar. In contrast, on July 7, due to a significant reduction in rainfall, the water needs of the plants under rainfed conditions were not met, resulting in substantial decreases in grain and biomass yields due to drought stress and insufficient moisture supply. Furthermore, the results of the interaction between species and sowing date indicated that pearl millet cv. Mehran had a higher potential for grain and biomass yields compared to proso millet cv. Pishahang. For pearl millet, the highest grain and biomass yields were achieved on the sowing dates of June 4 (1365.76 kg/ha) and July 7 (1290.91 kg/ha). For proso millet cv. Pishahang, the highest grain and biomass yields were recorded on June 4, with an average of 1165.66 kg/ha and 6349.91 kg/ha, respectively. Overall, the findings of this experiment demonstrated that pearl millet (cv. Mehran) outperformed proso millet (cv. Pishahang) in all evaluated traits.
Conclusion: The lack of significant differences in grain and forage yields of pearl millet sown on June 4 under both rainfed and irrigated conditions suggests optimal synchronization of the plant's growth stages with favorable environmental conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to cultivate pearl millet (cv. Mehran) under rainfed conditions with a sowing date of June 4 to conserve water.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Day Length
  • Forage Production
  • Millets
  • Rainfed Farming
  • Sowing Date

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مجله تولید گیاهان زراعی
دوره 18، شماره 3
مهر 1404
صفحه 17-39

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