مقایسه واکنش به شوری در ارقام گندم متحمل با ارقام معرفی شده برای شرایط غیرشور

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 مرکز ملی تحقیقات شوری

2 دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

3 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی گرگان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تنش شوری یک عامل اصلی محدود کننده در کاهش عملکرد محصولات زراعی در دنیا می‌باشد. تحمل به شوری در بین گیاهان از طریق سه مکانیسم عمده شامل تحمل اسمزی، دفع سدیم و تحمل بافت به تنش شوری واکنش نشان می‌دهد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور مطالعه واکنش به شوری ارقام گندم متحمل به شوری معرفی شده و مقایسه مکانیسم‌های آن با ارقام معرفی شده در شرایط غیرشور این آزمایش در سه مرحله آزمایشگاهی(جوانه‌زنی)، گلخانه‌ای(یک سال) و مزرعه‌ای(دو سال) طی سال‌های زراعی 93-1391 انجام گردید. در آزمایش مزرعه‌ای، تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل ارقام متحمل به شوری اکبری، سیستان، ارگ، افق و روشن و ارقام معرفی شده برای شرایط متعارف شامل مروارید، کوهدشت و فلات بودند که در دو شرایط مکانی مختلف شامل ایستگاه شوری آق قلا به عنوان محیط شور و ایستگاه گرگان به عنوان محیط غیرشور به صورت بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و در 4 تکرار کشت شدند. در آزمایش گلخانه‌ای نیز تمامی ارقام فوق در محیط کشت شن و با استفاده از محلول غذائی هوگلند در شوری شاهد و 15 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر کشت شدند. اندازه‌گیری میزان رشد پس از شروع تنش در 7 روز اول به صورت روزانه و پس از آن دو روز یک بار بمدت دو هفته انجام گردید. پس از این دوره، میزان سدیم در پهنک برگ اندازه‌گیری شد. از ارقام کوهدشت، فلات و افق گلدان‌هائی به غیر از گلدان‌های فوق در سه تکرار تهیه شد و با شوری‌های 2، 5/7 و 15 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر از سبز شدن تا انتهای فصل رشد تیمار شدند تا آستانه تحمل و واکنش به شوری در آنها مشخص گردد. در مرحله آزمایشگاهی، میزان جوانه‌زنی برای ارقام مورد بررسی از شوری صفر تا 30 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر با فاصله 5 واحد در 3 تکرار اندازه‌گیری شد تا واکنش به شوری در این مرحله نیز تعیین گردد.
یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج، منحنی رشد دو مرحله‌ای در واکنش به شوری در ارقام مورد بررسی مشاهده گردید بطوریکه در آن اثرات اسمزی تنش شوری به مراتب بیشتر از اثرات ویژه یونی بود. بطورکلی در هفته اول پس از اعمال تنش شوری کاهش رشد تقریباً یکسانی به لحاظ وزن خشک در ارقام حاصل شد هرچند که کاهش سطح برگ بلافاصله پس از اعمال تنش شوری شروع گردید. براساس محاسبات سرعت رشد نسبی در هفته اول، رقم سیستان به عنوان رقم متحمل به تنش اسمزی و رقم فلات به عنوان رقم حساس انتخاب گردید. در ادامه آزمایش و طی دو هفته بعدی کاهش بیشتری در میزان رشد در شرایط شور حادث گردید که این کاهش رشد مربوط به تجمع یون‌های سدیم و اثرات ویژه یونی بود. بر اساس مدل دو خطی واکنش به شوری، ارقام فلات، کوهدشت و افق به ترتیب دارای آستانه تحمل به شوری 06/6، 27/5 و 00/4 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر بودند. بر اساس مدل سیگموئیدی واکنش به شوری نیز این ارقام به ترتیب در شوری‌های 86/11، 56/11 و 38/13 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر به عملکرد نسبی 50 درصد رسیدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: بطورکلی جمع‌بندی نتایج آزمایشات حاکی از آن است که ارقام معرفی شده با عنوان متحمل به شوری، بیشتر به‌دلیل سازگاری با شرایط اقلیمی که در آن تولید و معرفی شده‌اند دارای عملکرد مناسب در شرایط شور هستند و هنگامی که در شرایط اقلیمی متفاوت اما شور کاشته می‌شوند، نمی‌توانند خصوصیات تحمل به شوری را به‌صورت موثر از خود نشان دهند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of salinity response in tolerant wheat cultivars with introduced cultivars for non-saline condition

نویسندگان [English]

  • amin anagholi 1
  • Sarale Galeshi 2
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Salinity stress is a major constraint inhibiting yield of crops throughout the world. Salinity tolerance in crops responded to salinity stress by three main mechanism including osmotic tolerance, ion exclusion and tissue tolerance.

Materials and methods: In order to study of salinity response of introduced salinity tolerant wheat cultivars and comparison of them with introduced wheat cultivars for non-saline condition, this experiment arranged in three steps of germination, greenhouse(one year) and farm( two years) during 2012-2014. In farm experiment, treatment includes salinity tolerant cultivars of Akbari, Sistan, Arg, Ofogh and Roshan and introduced cultivars for non-saline condition namely Morvarid, KohDasht and Falat. This cultivars cultured in two stations of Salinity research farm(Agh-Ghala) and Gorgan station(as non-saline condition) in randomized complete block design with four replications. In greenhouse experiment, all of the cultivars planted in pots with sandy medium and Hoagland solution. Salinity treatments were control condition and 15dS.m-1. Relative growth rate measured daily for seven days after salt exposure and then measured with two days interval for two weeks. The sodium content of leaves, the leaf area and total dry matter in all of the pots, measured three weeks after salt exposure. Additional pots for cultivars of Falat, KohDasht and Ofogh prepared and treated with salinities of 2, 7.5 and 15dS.m-1 in three replications. These pots continued until end of the season in order to determination of salinity threshold based on the grain yield. Also the germination of the cultivars measured at salinities of 0 until 30dS.m-1 with 5 unit intervals in three replications to calculate salinity threshold in germination stage.

Results: Based on the results, salinity caused two phase growth reduction of osmotic and ionic, so that the osmotic effect influenced more than ionic effect. In the first week after salt exposure, the same dry matter reduction observed in cultivars, but reducing in leaf area starts immediately after salt exposure. The Sistan cultivar considered as osmotic tolerant and Falat as sensitive cultivar based on the reduction of relative growth rate in the first week after salt exposure. In the next two weeks of experiment more reduction occurred in growth rate in saline condition. This reduction attributed to accumulation of sodium ions and ionic effect phase of salinity stress. Based on the two linear model of response of crops to salinity, the cultivars of Falat, KohDasht and Ofogh had the threshold of 6.06, 5.27 and 4.00 dS.m-1 respectively. Based on the sigmoidal model these cultivars produced 50 percent relative yield in salinities of 11.86, 11.56 and 13.38dS.m-1 respectively.

Conclusion: At all pluralization of results showed that, the salt tolerance cultivars produced higher yields only in native climate condition. When they cultured in different climatic condition with salinity stress, they can’t produce higher yields and not shown salinity tolerance qualifications by effectiveness.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • wheat cultivars
  • osmotic effects
  • ionic effects
  • stress tolerance mechanism
  • salinity tolerance threshold
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